Precision Nutrition Vocab
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| glycolytic system | process of breaking down glucose for energy; can be fast or slow
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| pyruvate | the end process of glycolysis
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| NADH | used to transfer electrons
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| hydrogen ion | the cation of acids; consists of a hydrogen atom whose electron has been transfered to the anion of the acid
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| NAD+ | coenzyme of dehydrogenases; plays a role in the intermediary metabolism as an oxidizing agent for metabolites
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| lactic acid | an organic byproduct of anaerobic metabolism derived from pyruvate; can be used as an energy source for cells
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| oxidative phosphorylation | the phosphorylation of ATP coupled to the ETC
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| muscle acidity | an acidic environment created when the pH level of muscle cells fall below seven
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| krebs cycle | a major metabolic pathway that involves a series of enzymatic reactions that convert pyruvic acid from food to acetyl CoA for energy
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| electron transport chain | set of compounds that transfers electrons to a donor that creates energy
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| beta oxidation | break down of FA that takes place in the mitochondria and peroxisomes
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| FAD+ | riboflavin derived electron acceptor in the Krebs cycle
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| cytochrome | protein found in mitochondria (inner) that transports electrons
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| glucose 6-phosphate | phosphorylated form of glucose that won't diffuse out of a cell
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| glycogen synthase | enzyme necessary for the conversion of excess glucose into stored glycogen
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| epinephrine | hormone and NT; also known as adrenaline
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| norepinephrine | hormone and NT; noradrenaline
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| glycogen phosphorylase | enzyme necessary for glycogenolysis; breaks glycogen into glucose units
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| glycogenolysis | breakdown of stored glycogen to glucose
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| glucagon | hormone secreted by the pancreas to increase blood glucose levels
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| alpha cells | endocrine cells of the pancreas that secret glucagon in response to low blood glucose or stress
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| adrenal medulla | central part of the adrenal gland that secretes (nor)epinephrine and dopamine
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| glycolysis | series of reactions in the cytosol that converts glucose into pyruvate and ultimately ATP
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| anabolic threshold | the point at which lactic acid begins to accumulate in the bloodstream
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| oxaloacetate | intermediate that couples with acetyl CoA to form citrate
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| fat adaptation | a higher capacity to oxidize fat
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| plasma | the liquid component of blood that suspends blood cells; contains water, glucose, proteins and hormones
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| gluconeogenesis | conversion of non-carbohydrate compounds into glucose
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| cori cycle | use of lactate produced in the muscles by the liver for the production of glucose
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| hormone sensitive lipase | enzyme of the cytosol that frees fatty acids and glycerol
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| growth hormone | anabolic hormone that causes growth and cell reproduction; also known as somatotropin
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| fatty synthase system | system of enzymes involved in the synthesis of FA
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| VLDL | particle used in lipid transport; assembled in the liver by cholesterol and apolipoprotein, converted to LDL
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| lipogenic enzyme | enzyme involved with the synthesis of fat
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| alpha linolenic acid | unsaturated omega-3 FA
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| omega 3 | family of unsaturated FA characterized by C-C double bond 3 spaces in from the methyl end
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| linoleic acid | unsaturated omega-6 FA
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| omega 6 | family of unsaturated FA characterized by double bond 6 spaces in from the methyl end
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| chylomicron | a lipoprotein that transports cholesterol and triglyceride from the small intestine to the tissues of the body
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| lipoprotein | a class of proteins with hydrophobic core of triglyceride or cholesterol surrounded by hydrophilic phospholipids, apolipoproteins and cholesterol
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| statin drugs | pharmaceutical agents that decrease cholesterol production within the body via downregulation of HMG CoA reductase
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| LDL cholesterol | a lipoprotein that transports TAG and cholesterol from the liver to body tissues
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| HDL cholesterol | a lipoprotein that transports FA and cholesterol from the body tissues to the liver
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| lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase LCAT | an enzyme that is used to convert cholesterol to a transportable form for lipoproteins
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| athersclerosis | development of plaque in the lumen of blood vessels
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| plasma pool of amino acids | reserve of AA found in blood plasma
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| peptide chain | short polymer formed from linking amino acids
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| deamination | removal of an amine group from a compound
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| BCAA | AA with aliphatic side chain that is non-linear
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| carbon skeleton | chains, branches or rings of carbon atoms that form organic molecules
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| ammonia | also known as NH3, a very basic end product of protein metabolism
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| urea cycle | cycle that takes place in the liver and creates urea from ammonia and CO2
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| urea | water soluble final nitrogenous excretion product synthesised from ammonia and CO2; found in urine
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| alpha keto acid | an organic acid containing a functional ketone group and a carboxylic acid
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| transamination | a transfer of an amino group from an AA to an alpha keto acid
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| protein turnover | balance between protein synthesis and breakdown
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