Precision Nutrition Vocab
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| metabolism | sum of the reactions that take place to build up and break down the body
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| homeostasis | the body's ability to maintain a stable and constant internal condition
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| protein | large and complex molecule consisting of amino acids that are essential for living cells
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| pathogen | disease causing agent, usually bacteria, virus or fungi
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| enzyme | substance that helps catalyze chemical reactions
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| epithelial tissue | tissue composed of cellular layers that protect outer surfaces of the human body such as skin, muscosa and intestinal lining
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| connective tissue | supportive tissue such as ligaments, tendons and fascia formed from a fibrous matrix
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| muscle tissue | tissue consisting of bundles of cells that contract when stimulated
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| nervous tissue | tissue capable of conducting impulses that help to connect and communicate signals to other parts of the body
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| organelle | component of the cell that is responsible for a specific task
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| cytoplasm | fluid medium inside of the cell but outside of the nucleus that surrounds organelles
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| macronutrient | nutrient the body requires in large amounts
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| micronutrients | organic compound the body requires in very small amounts ie vitamins and minerals
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| potential energy | energy stored within a physical system
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| phytochemical | chemical substance obtained from plants that is biologically active but non-nutritive
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| co-factor | non-protein compound that interacts with another substance to facilitate a transformation
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| hormones | compound created by one cell that travels to and stimulates another cell
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| genetics | specific, inherited DNA of an organism which influences what they become
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| DNA | nucleic acid that contains instructions for heredity
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| nucleus | organelle where genetic material is housed
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| gene | a particular sequence in DNA/RNA that controls the expression of a protein and by extension influences the characteristics of an organism
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| genetic polymorphism | variation in the form of one or a sequence of genes
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| nutrigenomics | study of how genes respond to nutritional intake
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| diurnal | daily cycle of hormone release
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| insulin | protein hormone released from the pancreas necessary for the metabolism of nutrients
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| plasma membrane | liquid bilayer that is permeable to certain compounds that contains the cell
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| lipid | organic substance that is insoluble in water, provides structure, storage, and messenger functions in the body
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| cholesterol | lipid/sterol contained in the body's cells and fluids that act as a precursor to hormones and bodily structures
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| phospholipids | a type of lipid with a hydrophilic phosphate group "head" and hydrophobic fatty acid "tail" that forms cell membranes
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| hydrophilic | a strong affinity to water
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| hydrophobic | lack of affinity for water
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| mitochondria | organelles that supply the cells energy/ATP
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| transcription | construction of mRNA from a DNA molecule
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| translation | forming a protein molecule based on the information contained in the mRNA
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| endoplamic reticulum | cytoplasmic membrane that translates proteins
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| golgi apparatus | cytoplasmic organelle necessary for the modification and transport of proteins
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| ribosome | a complex rich in RNA and protein found in cells
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| glycoprotein | protein that contain carbohydrate group involved in membrane integrity
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| cisternae | flattened membrane disc of golgi apparatus
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| vesicles | fluid filled pouch or sac that can transport and store compounds
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| lysosome | organelle containing hydrolytic enzymes
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| peroxisome | cytoplasmic organelle with enzymes for production and break down of h2o2
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| receptor-ligand binding complex | a complex formed between a receptor and a substance to allow for further cellular activity
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| signal transduction | conversion of one signal to another by a cell
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| second messenger | substance that mediates intracellular activity by relaying a signal from an extracellular molecule
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| transport protein | protein that moves compounds across a membrane
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| facilitated diffusion | transport that requires a carrier molecule; occurs when diffusion of a substance on its own is not possible
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| active transport | movement of particles from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration; requires energy and enzymes
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| substrate | substance acted upon by an enzyme
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