AP II Lab quiz I
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| define hormone | a chemical released by a cell in one part of the body, that sends out messages that affect cells in other parts of the organism
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| Chemically, hromone sbelong chiefly to two molecular groups, the ___ and the ____. | steroids; amino acid-based molecules
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| what do all hormones have in common? | they are bloodborne
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| Define target organ | organs that respond to a particular hormone
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| If hormones travel in the bloodstream, why don't all tissues respond to all hormones? | they have structures which results in certain parts of the molecule being presented to cells
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| endocrine organ located in the throat; bilobed gland connected by an isthmus | thyroid gland
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| endocrine organ found close to the kidney | adrenal gland
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| endocrine organ that is a mixed gland, located close tot he stomach and small intestine | pancreas
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| endocrine organ paired glands suspended in the scrotum | gonads
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| endocrine organ that rides "horseback" on the thyroid gland | parathyroid gland
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| endocrine organ found in the pelvic cavity of the female, concerned with ova and female hormone production | ovaries
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| endocrine organ found in the upper thorax overlying the heart; large during youth | thymus gland
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| endocrine organ found in the roof of the third ventricle | pineal gland
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| what is the hormone and it's site that programs T lymphocytes? | thymosin;thymus
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| What are the hormones and their site that regulate blood calcium levels? | calcitonin,thyroid gland;PTH,parathyroid glands
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| What are the hormones and their site that release in response to stressors? | epinephrine,adrenal medulla;cortisone,adrenal cortex
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| what are the hormones and their site that drive development of secondary sexual characteristics? | estrogens,ovaries;testosterone,testes
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| what are the hormones and their site that regulate the function of antoher endocrine gland? | ACTH,anterior pituitary;TSH,anterior pituitary;FSH,anterior pituitary;LH, anterior pituitary
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| What is the hormone and it's site that mimics the sympathetic nervous system? | T4/T3,thyroid gland
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| What are the hormones and their site that regulate blood glucose leves; produced by the same "mixed" gland? | insulin,pancreas;glucagon,pancreas
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| What are the hormones and their site that are directly responsible for regulation of the menstrual cycle? | estrogens,ovaries;progesterone,ovaries
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| What are the hormones and their site that maintenance of salt and water balance in the extracellular fluid? | aldosterone,adrenal cortex;ADH,posterior pituitary
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| What are the hormones and their site that directly involve din milk production and ejection? | oxytocin,posterior pituitary;prolactin,anterior pituitary
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| in first activity in lab 1, which rat had the fastest basline metabolic rate? | normal rat
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| In 2nd activity in lab1, what effect did administering thyroxine have on each of the rats? | increased metabolic rate on normal rat
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| in 2nd activity in lab 1, explain why throxine increased metabolic rate. | because thyroxine controls the rate of metabolism and cellular oxidation
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| in 3rd activity in lab 1, was ther a change in the metabolic rate of the thyroidectomized rat with the administration of TSH?explain | yes, the metabolic rate increased; because TSH influences growth and acitivity of the thyroid gland
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| in 3rd activity in lab 1, describe the effect of administering propylthiouracil on each of the rats, and explain. | the metabolic rate decreased; because the injection inhabits production of thryroxine
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| trace a molecule of oxygen from the external nares to the pulmonary capillaries of the lungs: external nares-> | nasal cavity->inferior, superior, middle nasal conchae
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| What connects the larynx to the primary bronchi | trachea
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| site of tonsils | pharynx
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| food passageway posterior to the trachea | esophagus
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| covers the glottis during swallowing of food | epiglottis
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| contains the vocal cords | larynx
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| nerve that activates the diapthragm during inspiration | phrenic nerve
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| pleural layer lining the walls of the thorax | parietal pleura
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| site from which oxygen enters the pulmonary blood | alveolus
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| connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx | opening of pharyngotympanic tube
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| opening between the vocal folds | glottis
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| increases air turbulence in the nasal cavity | concha
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| separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity | palate
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| define endocrine****** | most common (classical)mode, hormones deleivered to target cells by blood
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| paracrine | hormone released diffuses to its target cells through immediate extracellular space; blood is not directly involved int he delivery
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| neuroendocrine | hormone is produced and released by a neuron, delivered to target cells by blood
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| autocrine | hormone released feeds-back on the cell of origin, again without entering blood circulation
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| What are the 6 main hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary(adenohypophysis) | growth hormone,thyroid-stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, prolactin, follicle-stimulating hormone,luteinizing hormone
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| What are the effects of the growth hormone? | body size, growth of muscle
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| What are the effects of the thyroid-stimulating hormone? | growth and thyroid activity
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| What are the effects of the adrenocorticotropic hormone? | regulates endocrine activity of the adrenal gland
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| What are the effects of the prolactin? | breast development and lactation after childbirth
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| What are the effects of the follicle-stimulating hormone? | gamete production and hormonal activity of the gonads
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| What are the effects of the luteinizing hormone? | gamete production and hormonal acitivty of the gonads
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| What are the two hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary(neurohypophysis)? | antidiuretic hormone(ADH);oxytocin
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| What are the hormones and their effects of the thyroid gland? | thyroid hormone(T4,T3); body metabolism and cellular oxidation
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| What is the hormone and effect of the parathyroid gland? | parathyroid hormone;calcium balance
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| What are the hormones and effects of the adrenal glands? | epinephrine,norepinephrine(flight or flight);aldosterone(water and electrolyte balance);glucocorticoids(increase blood glucose levels);gonadocrticoids(male and female sex hormones)
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| What are the hormones and effect of the pancreas? | insulin and glucagon; regulation of blood sugar
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| What are the hormones and effects of the gonads? | estrogen(secondary sex characteristics of femal body);testerone(male secondary sex characteristics)
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| What are the hormones and effects of the thymus? | thymosin and tymopoietin; help maturation and specialization of T cells (important to immunity)
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| What is the hormone and effects of the pineal gland? | melatonin;biological rhythms, inhibitory effects on the reproductive system in humans
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| ventilation | movement of air into and out of lungs; air moves from area of higher pressure to area of lower pressure; pressure is inversely related to volume
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| external respiration | gas exchange between air in lungs and blood;transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood
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| internal respiration | gas exchange between the blood and tissues
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| What are the respiratory system functions? | gas exchange, regulation of blood pH, voice production, olfaction,protection
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| gas exchange | oxygen enters blood and carbon dioxide leaves
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| regulation of blood pH | altered by changing blood carbon dioxide levels
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| voice production | movement of air past vocal folds makes sound and speech
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| olfaction | smell occurs when airborne molecules drawn into nasal cavity
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| protection | against microorganisms by preventing entry and removing them
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| What is in the upper tract of the respiratory system? | nose, pharynx and associated structures
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| What is in the lower tract of the respiratory system? | larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
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| What are the functions of the nasal cavity? | passageway for air, cleans the air, humidifes(warms air),smell, along w/ paranasal sinuses are resonating chambers for speech
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| pharynx | common opening for digestive and respiratory systems
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| What are the 3 regions of the pharynx? | nasopharynx, oropharynx,laryngopharynx
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| What are the functions of the larynx? | maintain an open passageway for air movement;epiglottis and vestibular folds prevent swallowed material from moving into larynx; vocal folds are primary source of sound production
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| What is the conducting zone of the tracheobronchial tree? | trachea to terminal bronchioles which is ciliated for removal of debris; cartilage holds tube system opena nd smooth muscle controls tube diameter
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| What is the respiratory zone of the tracheobronchial tree? | respiratory bronchioles to alveoli; site for gas exchange
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| pleural fluid produced by pleural membranes: | acts as lubricant; helps hold parietal and visceral pleural membranes
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| surfactants | reduce surface tension by disrupting the cohesive forces between water molecules; results in an increase in lung compliance(how easy it is to inflate the lungs)and a decrease in the force needed to inflate the lungs
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| Dead space | air that does not participate in gas exchange
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| What are the 2 components of dead space? | anatomical and alveolar dead space
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| anatomical dead space | volume of the trachea and bronchi
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| alveolar dead space | volume of any alveoli that is not being perfused with blood
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| What are the pulmonary capacities | inspiratory capacity, functional residual capacity, vital capacity, total lung capacity
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| inspiratory capacity | tidal volume plus inspiratory reserve volume
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| functional residual capacity | expiratory reserve volume plus the residual volume
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| vital capacity | sum of inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and expiratory reserve volume
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| total lung capacity | sum of inspiratory and expiratory reserve volumes plus the tidal volume and residual volume
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| minute ventilation | total amount of air moved into and out of respiratory system per minute
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| respiratory rate or frequency | number of breaths taken per minute
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| anatomic dead space | part of respiratory system where gas exchange does not take place
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| alveolar ventilation | how much air per minute enters the parts of the repiratory system in which gas exchange takes place
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