Physiology - Guyton Text
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| synapse | show 🗑
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| sensory information | show 🗑
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| show | storage in cerebral cortex (largest memory storehouse)
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| spinal cord level of CNS | show 🗑
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| lower levels of CNS | show 🗑
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| show | chemical substance secreted by neurons; NOREPINEPHRINE -> excitatory/inhibitory; ACETYLCHOLINE -> excitatory but can inhibit some parasympath. fibres; DOPAMINE & SERATONIN -> inhibitory
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| chemical synapses | show 🗑
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| show | summing postsynaptic potentials by activating multiple terminals on widely spaced areas of membrane; increased signal strength trasmitted by using progressively GREATER NUMBERS of fibres
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| temporal summation | show 🗑
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| mechanical sensory receptors | show 🗑
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| thermal sensory receptors | show 🗑
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| show | detects tissue damage
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| show | detects light
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| show | are non-responsive to other types of stimuli but a special characteristic is that they adapt to a constant stimulus after a period of time
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| show | neurol circuit which controls all antagonistic pairs of muscles, involves output excitatory signal in one direction & at same time w/ inhibitory signal going elsewhere
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| show | signal entering neuronal pool causing prolonged output, lasting after incoming signal is over
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| show | collect sensory info. from body (ie. mechano, thermo, pain)
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| special senses | show 🗑
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| mechano senses | show 🗑
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| show | type of somatic sense stimulated by heat & cold sensations
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| pain | show 🗑
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| positional sense | show 🗑
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| show | sense that have to do w/ physical state of body (ie. position, tendon, muscle, equilibrium)
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| show | touch, pressure & vibration are detected by same types of receptors
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| free nerve endings | show 🗑
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| Meissner's Corpuscles | show 🗑
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| show | expanded tip receptors grouped into units [Iggo Dome] located in hairy & non-hairy parts of skin, slow to adapt, detects steady state signals about continual touch against skin
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| hair end organ | show 🗑
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| Ruffini's End Organ | show 🗑
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| show | nerve fibres located immediately underneath skin of deep tissue, adapts quickly, are stimulated by rapid mvmt of tissues & are important for detecting tissue vibration
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| show | involves detection of ALL different tactile receptors
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| tickle & itch | show 🗑
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| dorsal column-medial lemniscal (DC-ML) pathway | show 🗑
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| Anterolater pathway | show 🗑
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| show | posterior areas of cerebral cortecx
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| motor control | show 🗑
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| lips | show 🗑
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| muscle spindle | show 🗑
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| pacinian-ruffini | show 🗑
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| pacini & muscle spindle | show 🗑
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| show | spinal nerve that carries info. from segmental field of skin
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| show | sharp, prickling, acute, electric; not felt in deep tissues; elicited by thermal or mechanical stimuli
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| slow pain | show 🗑
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| show | adapt very little & sometimes not at all
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| hyperalgesia | show 🗑
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| intensity of pain | show 🗑
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| show | can cause pain, possibly due to direct stimulation of pain receptors or indirect effects (ie. ischemia)
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| show | apprises person rapidly of damaging influence for reaction of immediate removal of stimulus
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| show | gets greater over time, person continues to relieve cause of pain
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| show | capability of brain to suppress input of pain signals; morphine suppress pain signals entering from peripheral nrv
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| referred pain | show 🗑
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| show | pain referred to head from deep head structures; can be caused by emotional tension which causes spasm of head/neck muscles
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| migraine | show 🗑
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| show | (specifically alpha motor neurons) leave spinal cord & innervate skeletal muscles
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| proper control of muscle fx | show 🗑
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| show | proprioceptive sensory receptor located in muscle tendon, detects tendon tension & rate of change of tension; causes inhibition of motor neurons; neutralizes contractile force on separate muscle fibres
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| show | trigger involving muscle stretch reflex involves stretch of muscle (by muscle spindles)
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| show | prevents oscillation or jerkiness of body mvmt providing DAMPENING effect or smoothing fx
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| show | initiated by cerebral cortex by activating PATTERN of fx stored in lower centres which signal muscles
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| primary motor area | show 🗑
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| anterior part of premotor cortex | show 🗑
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| supplementary motor cortex | show 🗑
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| corticospinal tract | show 🗑
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| show | aka corticospinal tract; controls discrete & detailed mvmts esp. of distal segments of limb
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| show | include all motor pthwys in brain that are NOT part of pyramidal system
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| brain stem | show 🗑
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| show | sensory organ detects sensation of equilibrium
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| semicircular ducts | show 🗑
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| utricle & sacculae | show 🗑
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| show | major role in timing of motor activities & in rapid smooth progression of mvmts
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| show | works with corticosp. syst. to plan & control complex patterns of muscle mvmts
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| spinal level of motor cortex | show 🗑
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| hind brain | show 🗑
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| show | complex patterns of mvmt & can bypass programmed patterns
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| show | determined at birth, "hard-wired"
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| show | all areas have extensive to-&-fro connections w/ deeper structures of brain; two halves of brain have INDEPENDANT capabilities for consciousness, memory storage, communcation & motor activity control
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| thalamus | show 🗑
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| association areas of cerebral cortex | show 🗑
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| Wernicke's | show 🗑
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| show | association area helps plan complex patterns & sequences of motor mvmt
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| working memory | show 🗑
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| show | association area responsible for motor patterns for word formation by exciting larynx, resp. syst & mouth muscles
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| show | association area concerned w/ behaviour, emotions & motivation
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| corpus callosum AND anterior commisure | show 🗑
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| show | required for boh sides of brain to operate
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| anterior commisure | show 🗑
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| holistic theory | show 🗑
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| consciousness | show 🗑
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| show | memories caused by changes in sensitivity of synaptic tranmission <-> neurons as a result of prev. neural activity, forms new or facilitated pthwy; once established, can activate "thinking" to reproduce memories
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| show | caused by continual neuronal activity resulting from nerve signals travelling around temporary memory trace thru circuit of reverberating neurons
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| show | temporary chemical &/or physical changes
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| show | result of actual structural changes instead of only chemical changes
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| show | must be consolidated for conversion; consolidation happens when actively repeating something, initiating chemical, physical & anatomical changes in synapes
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| reticular area of brain stem | show 🗑
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| positive feedback loop | show 🗑
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| hypothalamus | show 🗑
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| autonomic nervous system (ANS) | show 🗑
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| sympathetic nerve fibres | show 🗑
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| show | originate from cranial & sacral nerves of sp. cord; 75% originate from CN X (vagus)
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| norepinephrine | show 🗑
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| show | neurotransmitter released by most PNS fibres; stimulates all types of gastric glands to release secretions
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| show | pupil dilation, increased heart activity, blood vessel constriction
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| show | pupil constriction, increased peristalsis, decreased heart rate
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| adrenal medulla | show 🗑
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| mass discharge | show 🗑
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| right side of heart | show 🗑
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| show | pumps blood to all body except lungs
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| ventricles | show 🗑
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| show | composed of atrial & ventricular muscle tissues & specialized excitatory & conductive fibres; cardiac muscle contraction lasts 15x longer than skeletal
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| intercalated discs | show 🗑
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| show | diffusion of ions from one cardiac muscle cell to the next
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| show | when one cell is excited, the action potential spreads to all
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| show | unique to cardiac muscles for prolonged contractions
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| show | period of relaxation when heart fills w/ blood; 75% of blood flows from atria to ventricles; AV valves open, during atrial systole they open, during ventricular systole they close
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| show | period of contraction when heart expels blood; 25% of blood pushed into ventricle when atria contracts; semilunar (SL) valves closed, atrial diastole they close, ventricular diastole they open
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| atrioventricular (AV) valves | show 🗑
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| show | pulmonary & aortic valves; edges of SL valves subject to greater mechanical stress than AV valves; 2nd heart sound which sounds short snap due to closing
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| papillary muscles & chordae tendinae | show 🗑
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| show | the greater the stretch of heart during filling, the greater the contraction
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| ventricle relaxed | show 🗑
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| show | AV closed, SL open
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| show | located in superior posterolateral wall of right atrium; sets rhythm of heart because it emits new impulses FASTER than AV or Purkinje; aka pacemaker
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| internodal pathways | show 🗑
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| cardiac impulse delay | show 🗑
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| atrialventricular (AV) bundles | show 🗑
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| show | conduct impulse from AV bundle to all parts of ventricles 6x faster & 150x faster than AV node
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| cardiac output | show 🗑
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| venous return | show 🗑
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| show | factors that increase total peripheral resistance increases cardiac output
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| show | factors that decrease total peripheral resistance would increase cardiac output; nerv. stimulation & hypertrophy of heart muscles -> better pump
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| systemic circulation | show 🗑
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| show | transport blood under high pressure to tissues; contains 13% of total blood volume; control of pressure independant of local bl. flow & cardiac output
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| arterioles | show 🗑
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| show | exchange of substances <-> blood & interstitial fluids
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| show | have pores only permeable to H2O & small molecular substances; collects blood directly from capillaries
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| veins | show 🗑
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| pulmonary circulatory system | show 🗑
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| show | force exerted by blood against any unit area of vessel wall
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| resistance | show 🗑
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| show | resistance of entire systemic circulation
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| show | determined by red blood cells
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| hematocrit | show 🗑
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| arterial compliance | show 🗑
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| show | specific blood reservoir & destroys old blood red blood cells
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| show | area of spleen where RBC stored
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| microcirculation | show 🗑
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| show | structure <-> arteriole & capillary
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| precapillary sphincter | show 🗑
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| intercellular cleft | show 🗑
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| vasomotion | show 🗑
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| diffusion | show 🗑
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| water | show 🗑
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| plasma proteins | show 🗑
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| show | spaces <-> cells of body; low concentrations of proteins
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| interstitial fluid | show 🗑
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| collagen | show 🗑
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| show | aka "brush pile", thin, coiled & form a mat of fine filaments
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| show | combination of solid structures of interstitium & trapped fluid
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| show | osmotic pressure caused by plasma proteins
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| show | accessory route from interstitial space into blood & carries proteins & large particulate matter away from tissue spaces; 1/10 fluid filters into interstitium from capilliaries NOT reabsorbed & is returned to circulation
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| show | lymph flow from lower body, left head, left arm & chest
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| show | lymph flow from right neck & head, right arm & thorax
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| show | overlap & act like valves pushed open by pressure & pushed closed by backflow
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| oxygen-lack theory of local blood flow | show 🗑
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| show | increased blood flow to tissues recently suffered of blood supply deprivation
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| active hyperemia | show 🗑
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| nitric oxide | show 🗑
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| angiogenic | show 🗑
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| show | powerfully constricts all arterioles & mainly involved in arterial pressure regulation
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| show | an antidiuretic hormone secreted by hypothalamus & acts to increase reabsorption of water by kidneys
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| show | vasodilater substance released when tissues are damaged or inflamed but also involved in allergic reactions; causes bronchiolar constriction; secreted by gastric glands
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| show | constriction of arterioles & veins & increase cardiac pumping when occuring simultaneously
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| show | nervous reflex initiated by stretch receptors which then send signals to CNS about changes in arterial pressure; when person stands after lying down baroreceptor maintains arterial pressure in upper body; located in large systemic arteries
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| show | nerv. reflex involve receptos sensitive to oxygen lack, carbon dioxide & hydrogen ion excess; located in large systemic arteries; involved in maintaining arterial pressure at pressure lower than normal range
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| show | transports hemoglobin to deliver oxygen to tissues; do not rupture when squeezed thru capillaries due to excess of cell membrane
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| show | produced in bone marrow; matures from proerythroblast to reticulocyte stage gains hemoglobin & lose their nucleus; excess may impede blood flow; survives 120 days in bl. stream
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| show | rate not controlled by concentration in blood stream but by their ability to transport oxygen
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| show | released from kidneys & liver triggered by low oxygen levels to produce more RBC
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| Vit B12 & Folic Acid | show 🗑
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| interaction between hemoglobin & oxygen | show 🗑
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| iron | show 🗑
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| hemoglobin | show 🗑
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| anemia | show 🗑
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| show | combats infectious & toxic agents, specifically transported to areas of infection; recruited during inflammation
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| granulocytes | show 🗑
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| show | are granulocytes & monocytes which help protect body & cellular ingests foreign invaders
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| lymphogenous tissues | show 🗑
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| neutrophils | show 🗑
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| show | inactive while in blood steam, only become activated once they enter tissues; formed in bone marrow
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| macrophage | show 🗑
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| diapedesis | show 🗑
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| show | mvmt of cells towards source of chemical sign; draws neutrophils & monocytes towards tissues in inflamed state
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| show | first line of defence of tissue injury; phagocytic cells attached to tissues & remain after inflammation subsides
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| show | macrophage lined structure where inaders entering via GI tract enters portal blood & must pass thru
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| show | dramatic 2ndary changes observed after injury to tissue
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| margination | show 🗑
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| show | mixture of necrotic tissues, dead phagocytes, tissue fluids, etc found in areas of inflammation
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| eosinophils | show 🗑
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| basophils | show 🗑
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| show | ability to resist different types of organisms & toxins
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| acquired immunity | show 🗑
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| show | general processes for killing invaders
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| show | aka B lymphocytes, acquired immunity that secretes antibodies which bind attacking agent; formed in bone marrow; secrete antibodies which bind antigen
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| cell-mediated cells | show 🗑
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| show | specific chemical compounds that makes organism different from all others
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| lymph nodes | show 🗑
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| spleen & bone marrow | show 🗑
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| helper T cells | show 🗑
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| plasma | show 🗑
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| memory cells | show 🗑
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| antibodies | show 🗑
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| IgG | show 🗑
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| IgE | show 🗑
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| complement system | show 🗑
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| cytotoxic T cells | show 🗑
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| suppressor T cells | show 🗑
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| show | process which acquired immunity is induced by injecting dead/attenuated organisms &/or altered toxins
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| goals of respiration | show 🗑
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| show | inflow/outflow of air <-> atmosphere & lung alveoli
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| show | 2 ways: upward & downward, elevation & depression
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| show | provides additional force for expiration during heavy breathing
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| exernal intercostals | show 🗑
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| show | muscles that pull down on rib cage (expiration)
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| muscles of inspiration | show 🗑
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| show | internal intercostals, abdom. recti
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| pleura | show 🗑
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| show | pressure of fluid in space <-> lung & chest wall normally maintained at slightly negative value
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| show | pressure of air inside alveoli of lung; alv. pres. of O2 & CO2 determined by rate they pass in/out of blood & alveoli (alveolare ventilation)
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| show | pressue inside alveoli need to be less than atmospheric pressure
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| show | pressure difference <-> alveolar pressure & pleural pressure
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| elastic forces of lungs | show 🗑
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| show | fluid lining alveoli greatly reduce surface tension, helps to reduce amount of pressure required to keep lungs expanded
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| respiration | show 🗑
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| tidal volume | show 🗑
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| show | maximum volume which lungs can be expanded w/ greatest possible effort (5800 mL)
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| alveolar ventilation | show 🗑
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| show | air that never reaches gas exchange areas of lungs (air in nose, pharynx, trachea)
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| show | structures help keep trachea & bronchi open allowing easy passage of air thru them
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| show | no cartilage & is composed of smooth muscle, only kept from collapsing by transpulm. pressure
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| mucus | show 🗑
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| show | part of resp. passageways first to warm, humidify & filter air
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| turbulent precipitation | show 🗑
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| show | removes very small particles settled in alveoli
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| partial pressure | show 🗑
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| show | more soluble in water; by-product as a reaction of oxygen w/ foodstuffs; contributes most to acid-based balance of body fluids
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| show | where gas exchange in lungs must pass thru; comprised of capillary, interstitial space & alveoli wall; rate of mvmt of material thru resp. membrane can be affected by changes to membrane itself (increased thickness/decrease surface area)
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| ventilation of perfusion ratio | show 🗑
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| deoxygenated blood flow | show 🗑
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| show | oxygen will be breathed back out
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| partial pressure of oxygen | show 🗑
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| show | greatest in tissue, less in blood, even less in alveoli
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| show | to move carbon dioxide less than those needed to move oxygen
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| interaction of oxygen with hemoglobin | show 🗑
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| arterial blood | show 🗑
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| venous blood | show 🗑
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| show | fx of hemoglobin helping maintain oxygen pressure in tissues regardless of fluctuations of oxygen concentration in alveoli
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| carbon anhydrase | show 🗑
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| show | form of carbon dioxide (approx 70%) transported in blood; excess CO2 causes kidneys to release bicarbonate to readjust hydrogen ion concentration; also secreted by pancreas to neutralize stomach acid & pH of chyme
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| medulla & pons | show 🗑
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| show | mainly causes inspiration & generates basic rhythm of respiration
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| show | mainly causes expiration & inspiration; inactive during normal quiet breathing, is important when high levels of pulm. vent. required (during exercise)
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| show | mainly controls rate & pattern of breathing; switches off inspiration
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| oxygen | show 🗑
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| show | controlled by dorsal resp. group of resp. centre; CO2 & hydrogen ions increase strength of inspiration
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| peripheral chemoreceptors | show 🗑
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| strenuous exercise | show 🗑
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| show | found in wall of GI tract
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| GI muscle fibres | show 🗑
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| enteric nervous system (ENS) | show 🗑
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| myenteric plexus of enteric nerv. syst | show 🗑
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| show | plexus of ENS controls secretion & local blood flow in GI system
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| movements in GI tract | show 🗑
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| peristalsis | show 🗑
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| mixing | show 🗑
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| splanchnic circulation | show 🗑
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| portal vein | show 🗑
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| GI bacterial removal | show 🗑
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| non-fat / water soluble nutrients absorption | show 🗑
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| show | absorbed from gut into lymphatic syst., then into bloodstream by-passing liver
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| show | increases when gut becomes active (after meal); decreased to GI by SNS
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| show | for lubrication & protection of GI tract; mainly secreted in esophagus to provide lubrication for swallowing; mucous secreted by stomach has alkaline pH which protect underlying wall from acidic & proteolytic stomach secretions; regulated by local nerv sy
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| trigger of GI secretions | show 🗑
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| saliva | show 🗑
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| show | needed for activation of pepsinogen into pepsin & thus needed for proper protein digestion in stomach
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| show | a gastric secretion essential for vit B12 absorption in small intestine
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| stomach | show 🗑
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| hydrochloric acid | show 🗑
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| show | Gastrin -> histamine -> HCl -> pepsin
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| show | in duodenum, main stimulus for pancreatic secretions
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| show | secretes digestive enzymes for carbs, protein & fat; also secretes bicarbonate; secretion stimulated by acetylcholine, cholecystokinin & secretin; secretes amylase enzyme after chyme enters duodenum for starch digestion completion (15-30 min)
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| show | secreted by upper small intestine in response to presence of stomach acid which causes pancreas to release bicarbonate ions
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| cholecystokinin (CCK) | show 🗑
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| cholesterol | show 🗑
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| show | responsible for nutrient absorption
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| show | undigestible form of carbs by humans
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| show | salivary enzyme involving carb digestion in mouth
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| enterocytes | show 🗑
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| show | secreted by stomach important for protein digestion
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| show | must be in di & tri peptides &/or amino acids before being absorbed into enterocytes of sm. intest.
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| pepsidase | show 🗑
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| show | critical for proper fat digestion, involves fat globules broken into wee sizes; bile is emulsifier
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| show | creates electrochemical gradient across intestinal epithelial cells which promotes chloride absorption
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| sodium co-transport | show 🗑
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| colon bacteria | show 🗑
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To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
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Created by:
LInda_J
Popular Physiology sets