NYS Living Environment Course
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| Abiotic | non-living factors (ex. sun
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| Acid Rain | rain that has a low pH (very acidic) and lowers the pH of the environment
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| active transport | move from low to high concentration
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| Active transport | Requires the use of energy moves from low to high concentration
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| Adaptation | An inherited trait that allows a species to survive (ex. strong wings
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| allergy | extreme immune response to a harmless substance
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| Alternative energy sources | energy sources that are alternatives to fossil fuels and better for the environment (wind
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| amino acid | building blocks of proteins coded by RNA
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| Anaerobic | Doesn't make more oxygen
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| Antibiotic | Medicine that inhabits the growth of bacteria
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| Antibiotic resistance | when there is a natural variation (mutation) in bacteria and the ones with the mutation become resistant to antibiotics; solution to the problem →make a new antibiotic
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| Antibody | molecule made by white blood cell that identifies antigens on pathogen (SHAPE MATTERS)
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| Antigen | molecule on pathogens that trigger an immune response
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| antigen | molecules on surface of pathogens the immune system recognizes as foreign
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| Aerobic respiration | Requires oxygen and makes more ATP energy of sugar
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| Asexual reproduction | A method of reproduction in which all the genes passed on to the offspring come from a single individual or parent
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| ATP | energy molecule for cells
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| Autotroph | An organism that produces its own food; the source of energy for all other living things on earth
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| Bacteria | Any one of many single-felled organisms without a distinct nucleus
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| Base | DNA are made up of these four molecules (G C A T) (REMEMBER → G - C and A - T)
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| Biodiversity | The variety of species in an area
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| Biomagnification | there are more toxins at the top of an energy pyramid because the number of toxins increases as they move up the pyramid
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| Biotic | living factors (plants
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| Carbohydrates | made up of simple sugars (needed for energy)
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| Carnivore | consumes/heterotrophs that eat other consumers (meat eaters)
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| carrying capacity | the largest population of any species an ecosystem can support
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| Catalyst | another word for enzyme
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| Cell | The basic unit of structure and function that makes up all organisms
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| cell membrane | thin
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| cell wall | supports plant cells
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| Cellular respiration | process that makes ATP (O2 + glucose → CO2 + H2O + ATP)
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| Chromosomes | A thick thread like structure that contains genetic information in the form of DNA
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| Circulatory system | system that pumps O2 and glucose to cells and pumps away CO2 and waste through blood (transportation
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| climax community | last community to move in during succession
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| clone | genetically identical copies made by asexual reproduction
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| common ancestor | organism that different species both evolved from
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| Communication | Exchange of information between organs
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| Community | A combination of all the different populations that live and interact in the same environment
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| competition | fighting for the same resources
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| Constant | things that stay the same in an experiment; NEVER the variables
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| Consumer | organisms that get food from eating (consuming) other organisms (animals)
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| control group | the group that is the experiment is compared to
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| Cytoplasm | gel-like substance in cell
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| Data | The results of specific traits or tests completed during experiments
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| data analysis | use of tables
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| Decomposer | organisms that break down dead organisms into nutrients (bacteria
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| Deforestation | cutting down trees; causes loss of biodiversity
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| Differentiation | the process of cells becoming specialized during fetal development (happens after mitosis)
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| Diffusion | Movement of molecules from high energy uses no energy
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| Digestion | breaks big molecules into smaller molecules
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| Digestive system | system that brings in and breaks down food into glucose
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| Direct harvesting | when you plant one crop and harvest all of it
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| DNA | double stranded molecule that contains genetic information
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| Ecological succession | when an ecological community changes over time from bare land (least amount of biodiversity and least stable) to a very bio-diverse and stable environment; if it is burned down or destroyed
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| Ecology | The study of how living things interact with each other and with their own environment
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| Ecosystem | All the living and nonliving things that interact in a species area;a subdivision of the environment
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| Embryo | An organism in the early stages of development
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| energy pyramid | shows how energy moves and is lost through a food chain (10% rule)
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| Enzyme | Proteins that speed up the rate of chemical reactions in living things
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| estrogen | female reproductive hormone
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| Estrogen/progesterone | female sex hormones that regulate female reproductive cycle
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| Evolution | The process by which species have changed overtime
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| Excretory system | system that gets rid of waste from blood through urine (kidneys)
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| experimental group | the group that is testing the hypothesis
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| Extinct | when a species dies because it could not survive in the changing environment
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| Extinction | The disappearance of all members of a species on earth
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| Fat | Compound made of fatty acid molecules
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| Feedback mechanisms | when the body regulates internal imbalances
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| fertilization | combining of egg and sperm
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| Fetus | The unborn developing young of an animal during the later stages
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| Food chain | A representation that identifies the specific relationships among organisms
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| Food web | A representation of many interconnected food chains that shows the feeding relationships among
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| Fossil fuels | oil
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| Fossil record | A collection of fossils used to represent earth's history
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| Fossil record | A collection of fossils used to represent earth's history
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| Fungi | A kingdom of organisms that are mostly multicellular have cell walls made of chitin and are heterotrophic
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| Fungi | A kingdom of organisms that are mostly multicellular have cell walls made of chitin and are heterotrophic
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| Gametes | sex cells (egg and sperm); mutations in these cells are passed to offspring
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| gel electrophoresis | technique that determines relationships between organisms by comparing DNA
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| Gene | section of DNA that codes for a protein (trait)
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| gene expression | genes may be turned "on" or "off" based on an organism's needs and environmental conditions
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| Genetic engineering | A set of technologies that humans use to Alter the genetic instructions of an organism b substituting DNA molecules
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| Genetic similarities | the best evidence of evolution (includes similar DNA and amino acid sequences); if two species have a lot of DNA in common
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| genetic variation | differences in genes or DNA among offspring
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| Global warming | increase in earth's temperature
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| graph | Title (IV vs DV)
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| Greenhouse gases | gases that cause global warming (ex. CO2)
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| Guard cell | Specialized cells that control the opening and closing the pores on the surface of the leaf
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| Habitat | The place where a plant or animal lives
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| Herbivore | consumers/heterotrophs that eat producers/autotrophs (plant eaters)
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| Heterotroph | An organism that cannot make its own food; a consumer
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| Heterotroph | An organism that cannot make its own food; a consumer
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| heterotroph | eats others for food
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| Heterotroph | organisms that get food from eating other organisms; another word for consumer (animals)
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| HIV | a virus that attacks the immune system
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| Hole in ozone layer | a problem caused by using CFCs; it lets in too much UV radiation from the sun
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| Homeostasis | internal balance in an organism
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| Hormones | proteins that travel through bloodstream for cell communication
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| human activities | things humans do that impact the environment
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| human impact | humans have changed drastically the biotic and abiotic environment
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| Human overpopulation | too many people in one place for the resources available; causes all the environmental problems we have
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| Hypothesis | A statement that predicts a relationship between cause and effect in a way that can be tested
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| Immune system | system that protects body from foreign invaders (pathogens/microbes)
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| Industrialization | when we started using factories to produce things and increased pollution
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| Inorganic molecule | water
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| Insulin | an hormone that regulates blood sugar (it tells body to lower glucose in blood when blood sugar is too high)
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| invasive species | non-native species that harms the ecosystem
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| Leaf | Flattened structure attached to stem where photosynthesis occurs
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| levels of organization | organelle
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| Limiting factor | Any factor in the environment that limits the size of a population
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| Liver | Large organ involved in neutralizing toxins
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| Macromolecule | a big molecule
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| meiosis | cell division where new cells have half the number of chromosomes as the original cell (sex cells)
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| Mitochondria | Pod shaped organelles that contain enzymes used to extract energy from nutrients
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| mitosis | cell division where new cells have the same number of chromosomes as the original cell (body cells)
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| Muscular system | system that allows for voluntary movement and involuntary movement (ex. heart beating)
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| Mutation | a change in DNA
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| natural selection | organisms that are best adapted to the environment survive and produce more offspring over time
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| Neuron | Nerve cell
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| Nerve cells | fast cell communication
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| Nervous system | system that controls and regulates the body
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| Niche | The specific role played by an organism in an ecosystem.
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| Nonrenewable resources | resources that cannot be recycled
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| Nucleus | A large structure within a cell metabolism and stores genetic information including chromosomes over time
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| Observations | Any information that is collected with any of the senses
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| Omnivore | consumes/heterotrophs that eat both producers and consumers (eat both plants and animals)
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| organelle | part of cell that does a specific action
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| Organic molecule | molecule made up of carbon and hydrogen
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| Osmosis | A diffusion of water in or out of a cell
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| Ovaries | in the female reproductive system; where eggs are made through meiosis
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| Pancreas | organ/structure that releases insulin
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| paper chromatography | technique that determines relationships between organisms by comparing protein bands
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| parasite | organism that takes nutrients from a host
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| Parasite-host relationship | when one organism feeds on another organism without killing it (ex. lice)
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| Pathogens | foreign invader to body (virus or harmful bacteria)
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| Period | Length of time
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| Pesticide resistance | when there is a natural variation (mutation) in insects and the ones with the mutation become resistant to the pesticide; solution to the problem →make a new pesticide
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| pH | measures how acidic something is
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| Photosynthesis | Takes radiant energy of the sun to create sugar (glucose) molecules for plant cells using water and carbon dioxide
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| Pituitary gland | The master gland of the endoplasmic system located at the base of the brain
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| Placenta | The organ that enables nutrients and oxygen to pass from the mother's blood to the fetus and waste products to pass from the fetus to the mother's blood
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| Population | All the individuals of a single species that live in specific area
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| Predator-prey relationship | when an animal hunts and eats another animal (ex. lion and antelope)
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| Producer | organisms that make (produce) their own food using the sun (plants
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| Protein synthesis | DNA
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| Proteins | made up of amino acids
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| Recombination of genes | when genes recombine in different ways
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| Relative dating | Determining the order of past events without determining absolute age
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| renewable resources | resources that can be replaced by natural means
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| Respiration | Organisms get energy by breaking the bonds of sugar molecules the released energy is used to make a molecule ATP
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| respiratory system | brings oxygen in and removes carbon dioxide from the body
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| Ribosomes | Tiny structures in the cell that are the sites of protein production
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| RNA | DNA is translated into this before protein is synthesized (REMEMBER: G → C
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| Scavenger | an animal that finds/eats something that has already died (does not hunt but scavenges) (ex. vulture)
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| scientific method | observations
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| selective breeding | choosing organisms with desired traits to serve as parents for the next generation
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| Selective breeding | The process of choosing a few organisms with deliberate traits to serve as the parents of the next generation
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| Selective breeding | The process of choosing a few organisms with deliberate traits to serve as the parents of the next generation
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| Selective breeding | when we select animals/plants with desired traits to breed hoping to get the trait in the offspring
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| Sexual reproduction | A method of reproduction that involves two parents producing offspring that are generally different from either parent
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| Sexual reproduction | A method of reproduction that involves two parents producing offspring that are generally different from either parent
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| Skeletal system | system that provides structure
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| Species | A group of organisms that share certain characteristics and can mate with one another
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| Species | A group of organisms that share certain characteristics and can mate with one another
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| Starch | an example of a carbohydrate
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| Stem | The main stalk of a plant
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| Stem | The main stalk of a plant
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| Stimulus | Any change in the environment that causes an organism to react
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| Stimulus | Any change in the environment that causes an organism to react
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| Stomates | Small holes in leaves
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| Stomates | Small holes in leaves
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| Structural similarities | evidence for evolution based on similarities of structures of different species (not the best evidence)
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| succession | process where in an area an existing community is replaced with another community over time
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| Survival of the fittest | when the best organisms survive and reproduce
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| synthesis | building or putting molecules together
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| Testosterone | male sex hormone that stimulates production of sperm
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| trade off | balancing the pros and cons
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| Trait | Families sharing a set of similar characteristics
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| uterus | where the fetus grows and develops
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| Vaccine | A substance made of weakened killed or or partial pathogens and designed to protect the body from future invasions of that pathogen
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| vacuole | storage in plant cells
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| Vacuoles | Storage sacs within the cytoplasm of a cell that may contain either wastes or useful materials
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| Validity | makes an experiment more valid (true) by repeating experiment or increasing sample size
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| Virus | A nonliving particle of proteins and genetic material that reproduces by invading the cell of a living organism
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| White blood cells | cells that 1. make antibodies to identify antigens on pathogen
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| Wind/solar/water power | renewable resources that are better for the environment (BUT very expensive)
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| Zygote | The cell that result from joining of the egg and sperm
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Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
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Created by:
Mquinteros
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