BSCI 430 Exam 1
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| show | the type of cells that give rise to all cell types (germ cells) *
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| apotent | show 🗑
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| pluripotent | show 🗑
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| germ cells | show 🗑
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| show | - cells that produce the current generation
- only undergo mitosis
- usually 2n (but can be 3n or 4n) *
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| show | where do germline cells migrate to in the current generation before differentiating into sperm/egg *
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| polar granules | show 🗑
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| show | in germ cells in the embryo, their genomes are repressed in _____________ until later in development *
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| show | ______________ sex determination is the process by which sex is determined based on the genes on their chromosome *
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| show | ____________________ sex determination is the process by which the sex of the offspring is determined by environmental factors such as temperature *
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| homogametic | show 🗑
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| sry | show 🗑
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| gametogenesis | show 🗑
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| show | the Golgi apparatus of the sperm forms into the _________ which excretes enzymes so that sperm can penetrate the egg *
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| show | the sperm activates development when the sperm head ___________ with the egg *
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| 2 | show 🗑
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| show | this is specifically where sperm development occurs in the tests *
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| show | long tube that connects the epididymis to the urethra where sperm is secreted to before ejaculation *
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| show | spermatogonia undergo __________ to form the primary spermatocytes (2n) (first step in spermatogenesis) *
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| show | primary spermatocytes (2n) undergo ___________ to form secondary spermatocytes (n) *
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| show | flagellum formation of the sperm is controlled by the ____________ *
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| fertilization | show 🗑
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| hermaphrodites | show 🗑
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| inactive | show 🗑
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| show | metabolism is restricted to ____________ generation by mitochondria to beat the posterior flagellum *
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| ootid | show 🗑
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| female | show 🗑
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| show | how many polar bodies does oogenesis produce *
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| mitosis | show 🗑
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| spermatids | show 🗑
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| polar body | show 🗑
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| show | the secondary oocyte will undergo _____________________ to form 1 ootid and a second polar body *
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| show | in spermatogenesis, there is a dramatic ______________ in cell volume and complete shutdown of RNA and protein sythesis *
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| increase | show 🗑
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| show | ___________ ______________ mark the site where meiotic divisions occur *
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| polarized | show 🗑
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| animal | show 🗑
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| alecithal | show 🗑
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| isolecithal | show 🗑
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| show | eggs with moderate amounts of yolk with vegetal distribution; amphibians *
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| telolecithal | show 🗑
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| centrolecithal | show 🗑
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| egg follicle | show 🗑
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| show | these cells are somatic line cells that protect the egg and enhance the prospects for fertilization
- found in most mammals *
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| show | these cells are germ-line cells that are usually sister cells of primary oocytes
- they support and provide resources for growing oocytes
- typically found in insect egg follicle
- not found in mammals *
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| jelly layer | show 🗑
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| cumulus layer | show 🗑
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| show | both sea urchins and mammals use acrosomal enzymes and sperm tail BUT sea urchins also use __-________ to get inside egg *
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| bindin | show 🗑
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| show | entry of more than one sperm; means almost certain death to an egg *
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| fast block | show 🗑
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| show | _______ __________ of polyspermy in sea urchins (step 2)
- permanent fertilization of a fertilization envelope that lifts excess sperm away from egg surface as it is formed *
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| show | formation of the __________ ______________
1. caused by exocytosis of cortical granules located just below the egg PM
2. cortical granules subsequently fuse to egg PM and release contents (enzymes and hyalin)
3. contents harden to form hyaline layer *
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| show | cortical granule exocytosis is triggered by ________ ____________
- sperm entry triggers localized ion release by ER
- spreads (positive feedback)
- once released, free ions are rapidly taken back up into the ER *
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| aster | show 🗑
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| show | in addition to a calcium wave, human eggs produce a _______ ___________, in which its size is a direct measure of the quality of the egg and its ability to develop (IVF)
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| tunicates | show 🗑
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| grow | show 🗑
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| show | ______________ in tunicates
- can be equal or unequal
- it begins with equal cuts --> later unequal cuts occur --> indicate differentiation of cell fates
- initially rapid and synchronous --> later slow + asynchronous
- no growth
- not net migration
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| show | in the cleavage period, there are short cell cycles that lack _____ and _____ periods --> rapid growth in cell number without enlargement *
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| show | during cleavage, there is complete influence of the _________ genome *
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| show | 1. mitotic apparatus tends to be positioned at center of the cell before division
2. The long axis of the MSA tends to be aligned || to the long axis of the cell
3. the cytokinesis plane (contractile ring) forms on a plane ⊥ to the long axis
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| 3, perpendicular | show 🗑
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| show | ________ ___________ ___________ (CABs) organelles associated with the PM that attract centrioles by attaching the mitotic spindle to one side of the cell to cause unequal cleavage. --> breaks Hertwig rule 1
(breaks Hertwig's 1st rule) *
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| yolk | show 🗑
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| astral rays | show 🗑
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| holoblastic | show 🗑
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| meroblastic | show 🗑
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| yolk | show 🗑
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| radial | show 🗑
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| bilateral | show 🗑
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| mitotic spindle apparatus | show 🗑
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| show | echinoderms (such as starfish) are ______________ cells that undergo holoblastic, ___________ cleavage
(2 different terms, separate by comma) *
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| show | annelids and flatworms are _________________ cells that undergo holoblastic, __________ cleavage ---> alignment is ALWAYS off-centered
(2 different terms, separate by comma) *
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| show | tunicates are ________________ cells that undergo holoblastic, ____________ cleavage
(2 different terms, separate by comma) *
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| alecithal, rotational | show 🗑
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| mesolecithal, radial | show 🗑
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| show | cephalopod mollusks are ___________________ cells that undergo ___________________, bilateral cleavage
(2 different terms, separate by comma) *
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| show | fish, reptiles, and birds are _______________ cells that undergo meroblastic, __________________ cleavage
(2 different terms, separate by comma) *
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| show | ________________ cleavage is a type of meroblastic cleavage in which a disk of cells is produced at the animal pole of the zygote (blastodisc) *
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| centrolecithal, superficial | show 🗑
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| spiral | show 🗑
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| placenta, embryo | show 🗑
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| show | the series of coordinated movements of blastomeres in which the blastula is reorganized to form a multilayer gastrula *
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| asynchronous, zygotic, migration | show 🗑
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| show | movement of cells in which the epithelium buckles into blastocoel at a single place *
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| involution | show 🗑
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| ingression | show 🗑
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| delamination | show 🗑
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| epiboly | show 🗑
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| show | cell in upper and lower epithelium layer converge to form single layer to expand epithelium *
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| show | cells in 2 adjacent epithelium layers converge to form a single layer which lengthens the epithelium *
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| vegetal | show 🗑
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| show | in embryos with large yolk, gastrulation occus on blastodisc in the _____________ pole region or in any location in periphery of the embryo *
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| show | - site of internalization of surface cells during gastrulation
- develops into mouth/anus *
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| show | in protostomes, the blastopore is the precursor to the _________, which forms first
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| anus | show 🗑
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| show | Sea Urchin Gastrulation:
1. epiboly of the ectoderm leads to the ingression of primary ______________ cells (form skeletal structure)
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| show | Frog Gastrulation
1. ____________ of bottle cells into interior
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| involution, convergent extension, Henderson's node | show 🗑
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| show | in the second step of Sperm Penetration of Sea Urchin Egg Envelope, the sperm head binds to the _____________ ___________
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| show | in the third step of Sperm Penetration of Sea Urchin Egg Envelope, fusion of the acrosomal process membrane and _______ _____ _____________ allows the centriole to be released into the egg as the rest of the sperm is degraded
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| zona pellucida | show 🗑
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| show | in the third step of Steps of Sperm Penetration of Mouse Egg Envelope, the sperm fuses with the ______ _______ ___________ and the centriole is released into the egg
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| center | show 🗑
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| diploid | show 🗑
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| invagination | show 🗑
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| archenteron | show 🗑
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| filipodia | show 🗑
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| show | Frog Gastrulation:
2. ____________________ of mesoderm cells creates dorsal lip
3. ____________________ of dorsal lip to form the archenteron displaces the blastocoel
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| show | Frog Gastrulation:
4. another set of bottle cells ingress to form the _____________ lip which causes a second round of involution in the opposite direction
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| intercalation, convergent extension | show 🗑
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| show | protamines are found in the sperm _______________
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| show | The ______________ axis separates the embryo into the future head and the future tail.
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| show | The _____________ axis separates the embryo into the back and the front
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| show | The ___________ axis separates the body into the left and the right
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| show | _____________ symmetry determines the three axes
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| radial | show 🗑
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| neurulation | show 🗑
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| show | in chordates, the CNS forms on the _________ side
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| show | in non-chordates, the CNS forms on the ____________ side
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| sperm entry | show 🗑
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| show | In Neurulation in vertebrates
1. elongation of the epithelium forms the ___________ _________
2. ____________ of the neural plate
3. convergence
4. ______________ of neural crest
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| show | For a chick during neurulation, the dorsal lip (Henderson's node) elongates toward the _____________ to form the head
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| show | The _________ Experiment found that the sperm entry site determines the 1st cleavage plane
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| show | In amphibians during neurulation, the ______ __________ forms 180 degrees from the sperm entry point
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| show | Sperm entry point becomes the future _________ pole
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| show | Neurulation in amphibians
1. sperm enters egg
2. _____________ of the cortex around eggs
3. _________ __________ forms
4. _________ __________ forms on the grey crescent; start site of 1st cleavage
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| show | For mammals, the point of sperm entry makes the ___________ between the inner cell mass and the trophectoderm
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| primordial | show 🗑
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| show | primordial germ cells migrate along the gut to the developing ___________
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| sex determination | show 🗑
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| mammalian | show 🗑
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| show | germ cells act differently from somatic cells in the embryo:
1. _________ separated from somatic cells
2. cease _________ early during development
3. don't receive the same decision-making signals
4. genomes are repressed during __________ until later
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| male | show 🗑
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| flagellum, acrosome, condensation, cytoplasm | show 🗑
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| spermiogenesis | show 🗑
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| show | morphology of sperm is highly _________ in different organisms
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| show | oocyte to ootid ratio is
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| show | in eggs, there is a massive _______ in RNA and protein synthesis
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| shutdown | show 🗑
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| aequorin | show 🗑
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| show | During process of sperm pronuclear development,
processes resulting in genome compaction that occurred during spermiogenesis are _______________
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| mRNA, sperm | show 🗑
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| show | In the ________ experiment, it proved there was already mRNA in unfertilized sea urchin eggs.
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| show | cortical granule exocytosis is activated by _________ release from the endoplasmic reticulum
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| unequal | show 🗑
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| show | Experiment: if you moved the meiotic spindle apparatus to the center of the oocyte, it would result in _________ cell division
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| astral rays | show 🗑
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| first, perpendicular, rotation, spindle | show 🗑
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| show | the beginning of zygotic transcription, representing end of cleavage and beginning of gastrulation, is called the ___-_____ _______________
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| lengthens, asynchronous, migration | show 🗑
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| show | Most embryos with moderate amounts of yolk begin gastrulation at or near the __________ pole
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| show | as yolk increases, the beginning point of gastrulation is displaced from the __________ pole to the __________ pole
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| archenteron | show 🗑
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