BSCI 430 Exam 1
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| totipotent | show 🗑
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| show | the type of cells that only give rise to itself (somatic) *
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| show | the type of stem cells that are capable of developing into most, but not all, of the body's cell types *
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| show | - cells that produce the next generation
- undergo both mitosis and meiosis
- can be 1n or 2n *
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| somatic cells | show 🗑
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| show | where do germline cells migrate to in the current generation before differentiating into sperm/egg *
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| show | ________ _________ in the pole (germ) plasma contain stored mRNAs *
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| show | in germ cells in the embryo, their genomes are repressed in _____________ until later in development *
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| chromosomal | show 🗑
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| show | ____________________ sex determination is the process by which the sex of the offspring is determined by environmental factors such as temperature *
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| homogametic | show 🗑
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| sry | show 🗑
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| show | the development of germ cells (gametes) *
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| acrosome | show 🗑
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| show | the sperm activates development when the sperm head ___________ with the egg *
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| 2 | show 🗑
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| show | this is specifically where sperm development occurs in the tests *
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| show | long tube that connects the epididymis to the urethra where sperm is secreted to before ejaculation *
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| show | spermatogonia undergo __________ to form the primary spermatocytes (2n) (first step in spermatogenesis) *
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| show | primary spermatocytes (2n) undergo ___________ to form secondary spermatocytes (n) *
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| show | flagellum formation of the sperm is controlled by the ____________ *
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| fertilization | show 🗑
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| hermaphrodites | show 🗑
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| show | the chromatin within sperm is highly condensed and _______________ *
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| ATP | show 🗑
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| show | the female gamete *
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| show | the _____________ gamete completely support development of the embryo and provide ALL cytoplasm to the zygote, including most organelles and molecular components *
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| 2 | show 🗑
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| mitosis | show 🗑
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| show | secondary spermatocytes undergo meiosis II to form 4 __________ which will eventually form a tail and become sperm *
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| polar body | show 🗑
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| meiosis II | show 🗑
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| show | in spermatogenesis, there is a dramatic ______________ in cell volume and complete shutdown of RNA and protein sythesis *
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| increase | show 🗑
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| show | ___________ ______________ mark the site where meiotic divisions occur *
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| polarized | show 🗑
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| animal | show 🗑
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| alecithal | show 🗑
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| show | eggs that have little yolk with even distribution; sea urchins, some mollusks, and tunicates *
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| mesolecithal | show 🗑
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| telolecithal | show 🗑
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| show | eggs with dense yolk packed in the central region of the cell, leaving cytoplasm at the periphery; insects *
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| show | - surrounds eggs at some point in life
- can be cellular, acellular, or both
- can contain multiple cell types *
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| show | these cells are somatic line cells that protect the egg and enhance the prospects for fertilization
- found in most mammals *
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| show | these cells are germ-line cells that are usually sister cells of primary oocytes
- they support and provide resources for growing oocytes
- typically found in insect egg follicle
- not found in mammals *
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| jelly layer | show 🗑
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| show | in the first step of the Sperm Penetration of Mouse Egg Envelope, sperm is activated by female reproductive tract and enter the __________ ________
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| show | both sea urchins and mammals use acrosomal enzymes and sperm tail BUT sea urchins also use __-________ to get inside egg *
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| show | ___________ (on sperm) and __________ receptor (on egg) are species-specific and evolve rapidly which allow species recognition in sperm and eggs of sea urchins
- not needed for mammals because of interior ejaculation (same word for both slots) *
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| show | entry of more than one sperm; means almost certain death to an egg *
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| show | _______ ___________ of polyspermy in sea urchins (step 1)
- temporary block to extra sperm is caused by a change in Vm of egg cell membrane based on influx of Na+ ions (sea water)
- electrical block *
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| show | _______ __________ of polyspermy in sea urchins (step 2)
- permanent fertilization of a fertilization envelope that lifts excess sperm away from egg surface as it is formed *
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| show | formation of the __________ ______________
1. caused by exocytosis of cortical granules located just below the egg PM
2. cortical granules subsequently fuse to egg PM and release contents (enzymes and hyalin)
3. contents harden to form hyaline layer *
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| show | cortical granule exocytosis is triggered by ________ ____________
- sperm entry triggers localized ion release by ER
- spreads (positive feedback)
- once released, free ions are rapidly taken back up into the ER *
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| aster | show 🗑
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| show | in addition to a calcium wave, human eggs produce a _______ ___________, in which its size is a direct measure of the quality of the egg and its ability to develop (IVF)
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| show | closest living relative of vertebrates *
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| show | during cleavage, the embryo does not _______ *
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| show | ______________ in tunicates
- can be equal or unequal
- it begins with equal cuts --> later unequal cuts occur --> indicate differentiation of cell fates
- initially rapid and synchronous --> later slow + asynchronous
- no growth
- not net migration
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| show | in the cleavage period, there are short cell cycles that lack _____ and _____ periods --> rapid growth in cell number without enlargement *
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| show | during cleavage, there is complete influence of the _________ genome *
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| show | 1. mitotic apparatus tends to be positioned at center of the cell before division
2. The long axis of the MSA tends to be aligned || to the long axis of the cell
3. the cytokinesis plane (contractile ring) forms on a plane ⊥ to the long axis
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| 3, perpendicular | show 🗑
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| centriole activating bodies | show 🗑
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| show | due to its density, ____________ displaces the mitotic spindle away from the center of the cell *
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| astral rays | show 🗑
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| holoblastic | show 🗑
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| meroblastic | show 🗑
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| yolk | show 🗑
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| show | cleavage pattern symmetry in which there are many planes through the AV axis that divide the embryo into 2 equal parts *
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| bilateral | show 🗑
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| show | the position of the ____________ ____________ ___________ is a determinant of whether the embryo undergoes regular, spiral, or rotational cleavage *
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| isolecithal, radial | show 🗑
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| show | annelids and flatworms are _________________ cells that undergo holoblastic, __________ cleavage ---> alignment is ALWAYS off-centered
(2 different terms, separate by comma) *
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| isolecithal, bilateral | show 🗑
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| alecithal, rotational | show 🗑
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| show | amphibians are ________________ cells that undergo holoblastic, displaced ____________ cleavage, where the AP cells are smaller than the VP cells
(2 different terms, separate by comma) *
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| show | cephalopod mollusks are ___________________ cells that undergo ___________________, bilateral cleavage
(2 different terms, separate by comma) *
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| show | fish, reptiles, and birds are _______________ cells that undergo meroblastic, __________________ cleavage
(2 different terms, separate by comma) *
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| discoidal | show 🗑
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| centrolecithal, superficial | show 🗑
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| spiral | show 🗑
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| placenta, embryo | show 🗑
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| show | the series of coordinated movements of blastomeres in which the blastula is reorganized to form a multilayer gastrula *
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| asynchronous, zygotic, migration | show 🗑
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| invagination | show 🗑
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| involution | show 🗑
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| ingression | show 🗑
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| delamination | show 🗑
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| epiboly | show 🗑
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| show | cell in upper and lower epithelium layer converge to form single layer to expand epithelium *
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| show | cells in 2 adjacent epithelium layers converge to form a single layer which lengthens the epithelium *
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| vegetal | show 🗑
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| animal | show 🗑
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| blastopore | show 🗑
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| show | in protostomes, the blastopore is the precursor to the _________, which forms first
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| show | in deuterostomes, the blastophore is the precursor to the __________, which forms first
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| mesenchyme | show 🗑
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| ingression | show 🗑
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| involution, convergent extension, Henderson's node | show 🗑
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| show | in the second step of Sperm Penetration of Sea Urchin Egg Envelope, the sperm head binds to the _____________ ___________
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| egg cell membrane | show 🗑
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| show | in the second step of Steps of Sperm Penetration of Mouse Egg Envelope, sperm binds to the _________ ___________ and an acrosomal reaction occurs which lyses a hole in it
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| show | in the third step of Steps of Sperm Penetration of Mouse Egg Envelope, the sperm fuses with the ______ _______ ___________ and the centriole is released into the egg
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| center | show 🗑
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| show | In the third step of pronuclear fusion, female pronuclear envelope dissolves and chromosomes mix to form _______ zygotic nucleus
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| show | Sea Urchin Gastrulation:
2. epiboly continues causing _________________
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| archenteron | show 🗑
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| show | Sea Urchin Gastrulation:
4. Ingression of secondary mesenchyme cells
5. ________________ extend from the archenteron tip and pull the archenteron up to AP
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| involution, invagination | show 🗑
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| ventral | show 🗑
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| intercalation, convergent extension | show 🗑
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| nucleus | show 🗑
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| anterior/posterior | show 🗑
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| show | The _____________ axis separates the embryo into the back and the front
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| left/right | show 🗑
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| bilateral | show 🗑
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| radial | show 🗑
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| show | this process forms the neural tube and CNS; occurs at end of gastrulation
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| show | in chordates, the CNS forms on the _________ side
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| show | in non-chordates, the CNS forms on the ____________ side
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| sperm entry | show 🗑
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| neural plate, invagination, ingression | show 🗑
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| show | For a chick during neurulation, the dorsal lip (Henderson's node) elongates toward the _____________ to form the head
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| show | The _________ Experiment found that the sperm entry site determines the 1st cleavage plane
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| show | In amphibians during neurulation, the ______ __________ forms 180 degrees from the sperm entry point
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| ventral | show 🗑
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| rotation, grey crescent, dorsal lip | show 🗑
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| border | show 🗑
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| show | pole cells enter the embryo via a cavity formed during gastrulation --> become the __________ germ cells
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| gonads | show 🗑
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| sex determination | show 🗑
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| show | there is no germ plasm in _________ embryos
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| physically, division, transcription | show 🗑
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| show | The Simon and Suzie experiment showed that a genetically female (XX) mouse that is inserted with the sry gene (XX/sry) will develop _____________ genitalia.
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| flagellum, acrosome, condensation, cytoplasm | show 🗑
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| spermiogenesis | show 🗑
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| convergent | show 🗑
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| show | oocyte to ootid ratio is
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| show | in eggs, there is a massive _______ in RNA and protein synthesis
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| shutdown | show 🗑
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| aequorin | show 🗑
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| show | During process of sperm pronuclear development,
processes resulting in genome compaction that occurred during spermiogenesis are _______________
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| mRNA, sperm | show 🗑
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| Merogon | show 🗑
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| calcium | show 🗑
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| unequal | show 🗑
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| equal | show 🗑
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| astral rays | show 🗑
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| first, perpendicular, rotation, spindle | show 🗑
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| mid-blastula transition | show 🗑
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| lengthens, asynchronous, migration | show 🗑
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| show | Most embryos with moderate amounts of yolk begin gastrulation at or near the __________ pole
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| vegetal, animal | show 🗑
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| show | As gastrulation proceeds, the blastocoel is gradually obliterated and replaced by the _______________
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