Social Psychology for OT
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| What is social psychology? | The scientific study of how individuals think, feel and behave with regard to other people & how individuals thoughts, feelings and behaviours are affected by other people.
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| What is the difference between social psychology and personality psychology? | Social psychology focuses on how social factors influence individuals despite personality differences, personality psychology focuses on the influence of stable individual differences.
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| What is the difference between social psychology and cognitive psychology? | Social psychology studies how people process information, cognitive psychology focuses on mental processes (thinking, learning, remembering and reasoning.)
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| Self schemas | Organize our thoughts, feelings and actions thereby influencing how we perceive, remember and evaluate both other people and ourselves.
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| Person schemas | Mental frameworks suggesting that certain traits and behaviors go together and that individuals having them represent a certain type
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| Role schemas | Contain information about how persons playing specific roles generally act, and what they are like.
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| Situational schemas | Events or sequences of events pertaining to specific situations. They indicate what is expected to happen in a specific situation.
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| What are possible selves? | The different people we could be or could have been, depending on our behavior, choices and fate.
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| The self serving bias | Our tendency to perceive ourselves favorably.
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| Unrealistic optimism | Even though we know best rates for various events, we think we are immune.
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| False consensus | Our tendency to overestimate the commonality of ones opinions and ones undesirable or unsuccessful behaviors
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| False uniqueness effect | Our tendency to underestimate the commonality of ones abilities and ones desirable or successful behaviors.
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| Self presentation | The act of expressing oneself and behaving in ways designed to create a favorable impression or an impression that corresponds to ones ideals.
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| False modesty | Occurs when we ridicule ourselves and praise others in ways that aren’t consistent with our true feelings.
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| Self handicapping | A way to protect ones self image with behaviors that create a handy excuse for later. Describe impression management
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| Ingratiation | The various tactics that people use to get others to like them
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| Self monitoring | Being attuned to the way one presents oneself in social situations and adjusting ones performance to create the desired impression
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| Locus of control | The extent to which people perceive outcomes as internally controllable by their own efforts and actions or as externally controlled by chance factors.
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| Self efficacy | A sense that one is competent and effective, distinguished from self-esteem, ones self worth
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| Priming | A procedure based on the notion that ideas that have been recently encountered, frequently activated, or inter-relates are more likely to come to mind and thus will be used in interpreting social events.
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| Schemas | Mental structures people use to organize their knowledge about the social world around themes or subjects.
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| Judgemental Heuristics | Mental shortcuts that people use to make judgements quickly and efficiently.
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| Availability Heuristics | People base a judgements on the ease with which they can bring something to mind.
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| Representative Heuristics | People classify something according to how typical they think it is of a category or class.
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| Anchoring and Adjustment Heuristic | Using a number or value as a starting point, and then adjusting one’s answer away from this anchor.
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| Attitude Heuristic | We decide or make judgements based on our previous attitudes.
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| Social Interence | Attention, Deciding what information to use, Integrating information into a judgement.
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| Prejudice | A negative prejudgment of a group and its individual members.
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| Stereotyping | A belief about the personal attributes of a group of people. Stereotypes can be over-generalized, inaccurate, and resistant to new information.
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| Discrimination | An unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group or its members.
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| Racism/Sexism | An individual’s prejudicial attitudes and discriminatory behavior toward people of a given race or sex
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| Realistic group conflict theory | The theory that prejudice arises from competition between groups for scarce resources.
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| Ethnocentrism | A belief in the superiority of one's own ethnic and cultural group, and a corresponding disdain for all other groups.
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| Group-serving bias | Explaining away out-group members' positive behaviors; also attributing negative behaviors to their dispositions
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| Just-world phenomenon | The tendency of people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get.
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| Aggression | Physical or verbal behavior intended to physically or psychologically hurt someone.
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| Hostile Aggression | Is driven by anger and performed as an end in itself.
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| Instrumental Aggression | Is aggression that is a means to some other end.
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| Social Dilemmas | Pursuing one's self-interest to the collective detriment of one's community or society.
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| The Prisoners’ Dilemma | Is a type of mixed motive game in which participants interact with another in an interdependent situation.
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| Minimax Principle of friendship | If a relationship gives us more rewards than costs, we will wish to continue.
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| Equity Principle of friendship | What you get out of a relationship should be proportional to what you put into it.
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| Mere exposure effect | The tendency for novel stimuli to be liked more and rated more positively after the rater has been repeatedly exposed to them.
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| The Matching Phenomenon | The tendency for men and women to choose as partners those who are a "good match" in attractiveness and other traits.
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| The Physical Attractiveness Stereotype | The presumption that physically attractive people possess other socially desirable traits as well. What is beautiful is good.
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| Complementarity | The complementarity hypothesis proposes that people attract those whose needs are different, in ways that complement their own.
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| Conformity | A change in belief or behavior that results from real or imagined pressure from a group.
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| Compliance | Conformity that involves publicly acting in accord with social pressure while privately disagreeing.
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| Acceptance | Conformity that involves both acting and believing in accord with social pressure.
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| Unanimity | Someone who punctures a group’s unanimity deflates its social power (Allen & Levine, 1969; Asch, 1955)..
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| Cohesion | We are more influenced by people of our own group than by people of others
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| Status | People conform more to high status groups than to low status groups
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| Public response | Anonymous responses are less conforming.
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| Prior commitment | Making a public commitment makes people hesitant to back down.
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| Normative influence | Conformity based on a person's desire to fulfill others' expectations, often to gain acceptance
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| Informational influence | Conformity that results from accepting evidence about reality provided by other people.
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| Individualism | Giving priority to one’s own goals over group goals and defining one’s identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identification.
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| Collectivism | Giving priority to the goals of one’s groups (often ones extended family and work groups) and defining one’s identity accordingly
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| Group | Two or more people who, for longer than a few moments, interact with and influence one another and perceive one another as 'us'.
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| Social facilitation | The strengthening of dominant (prevalent, likely) responses due to the presence of others.
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| Evaluation Apprehension | Our concern for how others are evaluating us.
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| Social loafing | The tendency for people to exert less effort when they pool their efforts toward a common goal than when they are individually accountable.
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| Deindividuation | Loss of self-awareness and evaluation apprehension; occurs in group situations that foster anonymity and draw attention away from the individual
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| Group polarization | Group-produced enhancement of members' preexisting tendencies.
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