Neuro Review
Help!
|
|
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Impairment in the frontal lobes can result in... | Loss of simple / complex movement
Loss of ability to spontaneously interact
Loss of flexible thinking / problem solving
Perseveration
Inability to focus on a task
Mood changes
Changes in personality / social behavior
Inability to speak
🗑
|
||||
| Impairment in the temporal lobes can result in... | Difficulty recognizing phases (prosopagnosia)
Difficulty understanding spoken words
Poor selective attention (verbal / visual)
Short-term / long-term memory loss
Increased aggressive behavior
Inability to categorize objects
Persistent talking
🗑
|
||||
| Impairment in the parietal lobes can result in... | Inability to attend to more than one object at a time
Problems w/ reading (alexia)
Difficulty writing words (agraphia)
Word blindness (inability to recognize words)
Difficulty w/ math (dyscalculia)
Unilateral neglect
Impaired perception of touch
🗑
|
||||
| Impairment in the occipital lobes can result in... | Visual field cuts
Difficulty locating objects in the env
Difficulty recognizing movement
Difficulty recognizing colors
Visual illusions
Difficulties reading / writing
Word blindness
🗑
|
||||
| Insula | Portion of the cerebral cortex (fifth lobe)
Located underneath parietal, temporal & frontal lobes, deep w/in lateral fissure of cerebral cortex
Visceral area for sensory / motor function related to speech & language skills
🗑
|
||||
| Cerebellum | Inferior to occipital lobes & posterior to brainstem
Comprised of 2 hemispheres / divided into 3 lobes each
White matter connects to other parts of CNS
Gray matter analyzes body movements - crucial for balance / coordination + automatic motor skills
🗑
|
||||
| Cerebral blood flow | Brain receives blood supply from carotid & vertebral basilar arteries
🗑
|
||||
| Carotid system | Consists of left / right branches
Divides into internal / external carotid arteries
Internal carotids supply blood to brain & divide into: ACA, MCA, PCA
🗑
|
||||
| ACA | Anterior cerebral artery
Supplies forebrain
🗑
|
||||
| MCA | Middle cerebral artery
Supplies forebrain
🗑
|
||||
| PCA | Posterior cerebral artery
Supplies posterior cortex, midbrain, brainstem
🗑
|
||||
| Circle of Willis | Located at base of brain
Arterial systems join here
Allows blood to flow through both brain hemispheres
Safety valve if blood to brain is blocked on one side
🗑
|
||||
| CVA | Cerebral vascular accidents
Occurs when there is a lack of blood flow to any area of brain including brainstem
3rd most common cause of death in U.S. - 33% mortality rate
Leading cause of disability in U.S.
550k strokes occur annually
🗑
|
||||
| Ischemic CVA | Comprise 80% of strokes
4 subtypes: 1. large artery atherothrombotic, 2. small artery / lacunar stroke, 3. embolic stroke, 4. dissection stroke
🗑
|
||||
| Hemorrhagic CVA | Comprise 20% of strokes - 50% mortality rate
Identified by location & subtype: 1. intracerebral (inside brain), 2. extracerebral intracranial (outside brain, inside skull)
Blood vessel bursts in brain causing blood to enter surrounding tissue
🗑
|
||||
| Causes of hemorrhagic stroke | Brain herniation, massive edema, cocaine / drugs, aneurisms (majority), leukemia, clotting deficiency, diet pills, brain tumors
Occurs more in women 50-60 years old
🗑
|
||||
| Causes of ischemic stroke | Male gender, age, family history, hypertension, diabetes, prior TIAs, smoking, excessive alcohol, birth control pills, sedentary lifestyle
🗑
|
||||
| Types of ischemic stroke | Thrombus - collection of fat / blood from diseased artery that narrows it & blocks flow of blood going to brain
Embolism - blood clot containing arterial debris that travels to smaller artery & gets stuck thereby block flow of blood to brain
🗑
|
||||
| CNS | Central Nervous System is comprised of the brain & spinal cord
Each segment of the spinal cord has sensory / motor nerves that innervate the skin, organs & muscles of the body
Substantial loss of neurons often leads to disability
🗑
|
||||
| Brain hemispheres | Right / left hemispheres separated by longitudinal fissure comprised of 2 large bundles of axons known as the corpus callosum
2 hemispheres receive sensory info from the contralateral side of the body & effect movement on the opposite side
🗑
|
||||
| Hemiparesis | Weakness on one side of the body
🗑
|
||||
| Hemiplegia | Paralysis on one side of the body
🗑
|
||||
| Damage to brain hemispheres | Can result in paralysis or loss of sensation
left side - generally results in right sided damage
right side - generally results in left sided damage
🗑
|
||||
| How does the brain receive its blood supply? | From carotid & vertebral basilar arteries
🗑
|
||||
| Sensory neurons | sensors that are sensitive to light, sound, touch, temperature, smell & chemical input
🗑
|
||||
| Motor neurons | actors that receive excitation from other cells giving rise to muscle impulses & secretion of hormones
🗑
|
||||
| Interneurons | connect one neuron to another & can notify motor neurons to move a part of the body that has detected dangerous sensory info
🗑
|
||||
| Describe neuron structure | Each neuron has a body (soma), filamental extensions (dendrites) & longer fibers (axons)
🗑
|
||||
| Describe neuron function | Neurons communicate w/ each other via dendrites & axons
Dendrites receive stimuli from other neurons
Axons send stimuli to other neurons, glands & muscles
Transmission occurs via electromechanical neurotransmitters
🗑
|
||||
| Describe the neuron synapse | The bulb of the axon makes contact w/ the dendrite at the synapse. This is where the brain does its work to move, breathe, think & feel
🗑
|
||||
| Describe the chemical event at the synapse | Action potential reaches the tip of the axon (end bulb) & releases a chemical (neurotransmitters) into the synaptic cleft
Chemical is diffused across the cleft & interacts w/ a receptor on postsynaptic membrane giving rise to excitation or inhibition
🗑
|
||||
| What do neurotransmitters stimulate? | Dendritic endings
🗑
|
||||
| How does the neural impulse occur? | Through a change in electrical current across the cell membrane & nerve fibers
🗑
|
||||
| What is the function of the autoreceptor? | At the synapse, the autoreceptor acts as a synaptic thermostat & determines if more or less of a neurotransmitter is needed
🗑
|
||||
| What is the function of the reuptake transmitter? | At the synapse, the reuptake transmitter acts as a revolving door to re-use the neurotransmitter
🗑
|
||||
| What happens at the synapse? | Neuron releases a combination of neurotransmitters
Some neurotransmitters excite & others inhibit transmission to adjacent neurons
🗑
|
||||
| Describe the function of neurotransmitters | Chemical part of electrochemical conduction
Approx 40-50 types
Assist in regulation of brain's ability to control speech / language, motivation, pain, stress, cravings, personality, mood, attention, memory, metabolic functions, etc.
🗑
|
||||
| 3 primary substance groups of neurotransmitters | 1. amino acids (major neurotransmitters of brain), 2. peptides (special functions in hypothalamus), 3. monoamines (modulating functions in brain)
🗑
|
||||
| Amino acids | glutamate, GABA, aspartic acid, glycine
🗑
|
||||
| Peptides | vasopressin, somatostatin, neurotensin
🗑
|
||||
| Monoamines | epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, melatonin, acetylcholine
🗑
|
||||
| "Feel good" neurotransmitters | endorphins (mood)
norepinephrine (excitation, alertness, arousal, motivation, panic)
dopamine (cognition, motivation, pleasure, appetite control)
acetylcholine (alertness, sleep-wake cycles, memory, growth, sex)
phenylethylamine (infatuation)
🗑
|
||||
| Inhibitory neurotransmitters | enkephalins (restricts pain, reduces cravings / depression)
GABA (anti-stress / anxiety / panic / pain, promotes calmness & focus)
🗑
|
||||
| Hormonal neurotransmitters | serotonin (mood regulation, promotes sleep, improves self-esteem, lessens worry / depression)
melatonin (rest / recuperation, anti-aging, body clock regulation)
oxytocin (stimulated by dopamine to promote sex & emotional attachment)
🗑
|
||||
| Weight of human brain | Birth = 350 grams (12 oz)
1 year old = 1,000 grams (2.2 lbs)
Adult = 1,200 - 1,400 grams (2.6 - 3.1 lbs)
🗑
|
||||
| Describe the coverings of the brain | 3 layers of tissues known as meninges protect the brain
1. dura mater
2. arachnoid membrane (subarachnoid space contains blood vessels & CSF)
3. pia mater
🗑
|
||||
| CSF | cerebrospinal fluid is the clear fluid that circulates throughout the brain & spinal cord, cushioning & protecting them from injury
Flows from one ventricle to the next then into subarachnoid space
🗑
|
||||
| Describe the brain ventricles | 4 ventricles total: 2 lateral, 3rd ventricle, 4th ventricle
Lateral = located in interior hemispheres of forebrain, connect w/ 3rd ventricle at posterior point which connects to 4th ventricle at medulla
🗑
|
||||
| What do the ventricles contain? | ventricles & the central canal of spinal cord contain CSF - within each ventricle the choroid plexus produces CSF
This is fluid-like blood plasma formed by cells in the 4 ventricles
🗑
|
||||
| Hydrocephalus | occurs when the flow of CSF is obstructed & accumulates in ventricles or subarachnoid space thereby increasing pressure on the brain
children - this condition causes bones in head to spread (head becomes large)
🗑
|
||||
| What is the function of the cerebral cortex? | involved in primary sensory, primary motor & association area functions
complex thinking, learning, personality, movement, touch, vision
🗑
|
||||
| Describe the structure of the cerebellum | also known as cerebellum, largest part of the brain
divided into left / right hemispheres
composed of gray matter or cell bodies totaling 6+ billion w/ dendritic connections
🗑
|
||||
| What is the function of association areas in the cerebral cortex? | to connect sensory & motor areas, give humans the ability to integrate & interpret daily events
🗑
|
||||
| What is the function of sensory areas in the cerebral cortex? | to get input from the environment, including touch, taste, smell, vision, hearing
🗑
|
||||
| What is the function of motor areas in the cerebral cortex? | to permit movement in response to needs / wants
🗑
|
||||
| What is the function of gray matter? | to direct sensory or motor stimuli to the interneurons of the CNS for responsiveness via synaptic activation
🗑
|
||||
| What does gray matter contain? | nerve cell bodies, glial cells, capillaries, axons, dendrites
🗑
|
||||
| What does white matter consist of? | axons that travel throughout the cortex (internal capsule)
refers to color of the myelinated sheaths that wrap each axon
consists of lipids or fatty material
🗑
|
||||
| Multiple sclerosis destroys the | myelin sheath surrounding the axons
🗑
|
||||
| Left hemisphere | typically best at processing speech & language
involved in verbal memory
🗑
|
||||
| Right hemisphere | typically best at processing paralinguistic information, pragmatics, non-linguistic information that is visual, spatial, musical, emotional
🗑
|
||||
| The corpus callosum is critical to | transmission of information between left / right hemispheres
🗑
|
||||
| Lobes of the brain | each hemisphere is comprised of 4 lobes: frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital
🗑
|
||||
| Frontal lobe | most anterior part of the brain
control of movement, planning / initiating, concentration, emotional responses, disinhibition of behaviors, switching sets to adapt to changes
conscious awareness
expressive language
Broca's area (speech production)
🗑
|
||||
| Temporal lobe | located laterally in the cerebral hemispheres
left temp lobe contains Wernicke's area (lang comprehension)
balance, comprehension of language, hearing ability, categorization of skills, some visual perception
🗑
|
||||
| Parietal lobe | located b/w occipital lobe & central sulcus
🗑
|
||||
| Occipital lobe | posterior part of the brain
receives projections from thalamus via optic nerve & sensory info from eyes
retina gets visual input from light, shapes, shading
🗑
|
||||
| Hemianopsia | visual field cut
results from damage to visual cortex
🗑
|
||||
| Scotoma | small blind area
can result from small area of damage in left hemisphere
🗑
|
||||
| What is the function of the brainstem? | connects brain to spinal cord & regulates primary life functions: breathing, respiration, swallowing, blood pressure, eye movements, heart rate, vomiting, salivation, sneezing, coughing, gagging
🗑
|
||||
| What does the brainstem consist of? | Medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain
🗑
|
Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Created by:
jmell
Popular Speech Therapy sets