Psychiatric & Cognitive Disorders: Signs & Symptoms
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| Selective inattention | Block out anxiety-producing activities/objects/concepts | Attention (Ability to concentrate/remain focused on activity of experience)
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| Hypervigilance | excessive attention/alertness | Attention (Ability to concentrate/remain focused on activity of experience)
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| Trance | minimal environmental awareness/amnesia | Attention (Ability to concentrate/remain focused on activity of experience)
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| Disorientation | not oriented to person, place or time | Consciousness (State of awareness)
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| Delirium | disoriented reaction with restlessness and confusion. May be associated with fear and hallucinations. | Consciousness (State of awareness)
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| Confusion | inappropriate reactions to environmental stimuli, manifested by a disordered orientation re person, place, and time. | Consciousness (State of awareness)
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| Sundowning | -occurs late afternoon/night in older adults -char. by drowsiness, confusion, ataxia, and falling. -associated with sedation, dementia, changes in orienting cues (light, familiar people/objects) | Consciousness (State of awareness)
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| Affect | observable component of emotions. Blunted (severe lack), inappropriate (inconsistent), restricted/constricted (reduced), flat (absence), labile (rapid/abrupt changes) | Emotion (Feeling state associated with affect and mood - consists of psychological/physical components)
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| Mood | pervasive/sustained emotion manifested by thoughts/actions | Emotion (Feeling state associated with affect and mood - consists of psychological/physical components)
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| Anxiety | feeling of apprehension/worry associated with anticipation of future danger | Emotion (Feeling state associated with affect and mood - consists of psychological/physical components)
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| Echopraxia | meaningless imitation of another person's movements | Motor Behavior (Behavioral and motoric expressions of impulses, drives, wishes, motivations, and cravings)
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| Catatonia | characterized by rigidity/immobility | Motor Behavior (Behavioral and motoric expressions of impulses, drives, wishes, motivations, and cravings)
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| Stereotypy | repetition of fixed patterns of movement and speech (e.g., echolalia) | Motor Behavior (Behavioral and motoric expressions of impulses, drives, wishes, motivations, and cravings)
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| Psychomotor agitation | excessive motor and cognitive activity, usually nonproductive and in response to inner tension. | Motor Behavior (Behavioral and motoric expressions of impulses, drives, wishes, motivations, and cravings)
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| Hyper-/Hypoactivity | -hyper: restless, sometimes aggressive or destructive activity, often associated with brain pathology. -hypo: decreased or slowed motor and cognitive activity. | Motor Behavior (Behavioral and motoric expressions of impulses, drives, wishes, motivations, and cravings)
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| Aggression | forceful, angry or destructive speech or behavior | Motor Behavior (Behavioral and motoric expressions of impulses, drives, wishes, motivations, and cravings)
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| Acting out | physical expression of thoughts and impulses | Motor Behavior (Behavioral and motoric expressions of impulses, drives, wishes, motivations, and cravings)
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| Akathisia | state of restlessness charaterized by an urgent need for movement, usually as a side effect of medication | Motor Behavior (Behavioral and motoric expressions of impulses, drives, wishes, motivations, and cravings)
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| Ataxia | irregularity or failure of muscle coordination upon movement | Motor Behavior (Behavioral and motoric expressions of impulses, drives, wishes, motivations, and cravings)
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| Circumstantiality | speech that is delayed in reaching the point and contains excessive or irrelevant details | Thinking (Goal-directed reasoned flow of ideas and associations. Logical flow is considered normal)
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| Tangentiality | abrupt changing of focus to a loosely associated topic | Thinking: Form (Goal-directed reasoned flow of ideas and associations. Logical flow is considered normal)
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| Perseveration | persistent focus on a previous topic or behavior after a new topic or behavior has been introduced | Thinking: Form (Goal-directed reasoned flow of ideas and associations. Logical flow is considered normal)
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| Flight of Ideas | rapid shifts in thoughts from one idea to another | Thinking: Form (Goal-directed reasoned flow of ideas and associations. Logical flow is considered normal)
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| Thought blocking | interruption of a thought process before it is carried through to completion | Thinking: Form (Goal-directed reasoned flow of ideas and associations. Logical flow is considered normal)
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| Delusions | false beliefs about external reality without an appropriate stimulus that cannot be explained by the individual's intelligence or cultural background | Thinking: Content (Goal-directed reasoned flow of ideas and associations. Logical flow is considered normal)
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| Compulsions | need to act on specific impulses to relieve associated anxiety | Thinking: Content (Goal-directed reasoned flow of ideas and associations. Logical flow is considered normal)
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| Obsessions | constitute a persistent thought or feeling that cannot be eliminated by logical thought | Thinking: Content (Goal-directed reasoned flow of ideas and associations. Logical flow is considered normal)
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| Pressured Speech | rapid and increased amount of speech. May be difficult to interrupt. | Speech (The expression of ideas, thoughts, and feelings through language.)
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| Poverty of Speech | speech that is limited in amount/content | Speech (The expression of ideas, thoughts, and feelings through language.)
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| Nonspontaneous Speech | consists of responses that are given only when spoken to directly | Speech (The expression of ideas, thoughts, and feelings through language.)
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| Stuttering | repetition or prolongation of sounds or syllables | Speech (The expression of ideas, thoughts, and feelings through language.)
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| Perseveration | continued repetition of a word or phrase | Speech (The expression of ideas, thoughts, and feelings through language.)
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| Expressive Aphasia (Broca's) - language output | disturbance in which the individual knows that s/he wants to say but cannot say it | Speech (The expression of ideas, thoughts, and feelings through language.)
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| Receptive Aphasia (Wernicke's) - language output | organic loss of ability to comprehend what has been said | Speech (The expression of ideas, thoughts, and feelings through language.)
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| Nominal aphasia (aka anominal or amnestic) - language output | inability to name objects | Speech (The expression of ideas, thoughts, and feelings through language.)
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| Global aphasia - language output | involves all forms of aphasia | Speech (The expression of ideas, thoughts, and feelings through language.)
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| Hallucinations | false sensory perceptions that are not in response to an external stimulus | Perception (process of interpreting sensory information received from the environment)
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| Illusions | misperceptions or misinterpretations of real sensory events | Perception (process of interpreting sensory information received from the environment)
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| Agnosia - cognitive disorder | inability to understand and interpret the significance of sensory input | Perception (process of interpreting sensory information received from the environment)
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| Astereognosis - cognitive disorder | inability to identify objects through touch | Perception (process of interpreting sensory information received from the environment)
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| Visual agnosia - cognitive disorder | inability to recognize people and objects | Perception (process of interpreting sensory information received from the environment)
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| Apraxia - cognitive disorder | inability to carry out specific motor tasks in the absence of sensory or motor impairment | Perception (process of interpreting sensory information received from the environment)
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| Adiadochokinesia - cognitive disorder | inability to perform rapidly alternating movements | Perception (process of interpreting sensory information received from the environment)
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| Depersonalization - assoc with conversion and dissociative phenomena | subjective sense of being unreal or inanimate | Perception (process of interpreting sensory information received from the environment)
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| [Conversion and Dissociative Phenomena] | in response to repressed material and involve physical symptoms and distortions that are not under voluntary control or associated with a physical disorder. | Perception (process of interpreting sensory information received from the environment)
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| Derealization | subjective sense that the environment is unreal | Perception (process of interpreting sensory information received from the environment)
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| Fugue | State of serious depersonalization, often involving travel or relocation, in which the individual takes on a new identity with amnesia for his/her old identity | Perception (process of interpreting sensory information received from the environment)
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| Dissociative identity disorder | appearance that an individual has developed two or more distinct personalities. -dissociation involves separation of group of mental/behavioral processes from rest of person's psychic activity (may involve separating an idea from its emotional tone) | Perception (process of interpreting sensory information received from the environment)
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| Amnesia | inability to recall past experiences or personal identity due to organic or emotional dysfunction. retrograde amnesia - inability to remember events that occurred prior to the precipitating event. | Memory (ability to store and retrieve information related to past experiences)
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| Immediate memory | ability to recall material within seconds or minutes | Level of memory
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| Recent memory | ability to recall events of the past few days | Level of memory
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| Recent past memory | ability to recall events of the past few months | Level of memory
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| Remote memory | ability to recall events of the distant past | Level of memory
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| Distractability | drawn to unimportant stimuli | Attention (Ability to concentrate/remain focused on activity of experience)
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