Aging Theories
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| Free radical theory | Biological | Free radicals damage cell membranes/DNA replication; interfere with cell diffusion/transport; may cause pathologic changes | free radicals are highly reactive/toxic forms of O2 produced by cell mitochondria
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| Cell mutation | Biological | errors in protein (DNA/RNA) synthesis lead to abnormal proteins and aging changes | aka intrinsic mutagenesis
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| Hormonal theory | Biological | decrease in neurons & associated hormones leads to aging changes | decrease in protective hormones/increase in stress hormones
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| Immunity theory | Biological | Steady decrease in immune responses throughout adulthood | thymus size & bone marrow cell efficiency both decrease
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| Environmental toxin (aka stochastic/non-genetic theory) | Environmental | Aging caused by accumulated toxins from environment (ultraviolet, cross-linking agents, toxic chemicals, radiation, viruses) | Can result in errors in protein synthesis, DNA synthesis and genetic sequences, cross-linkage of molecules, mutations
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| Stress Theory | Psychological | imbalances in homeostasis lead to changes in chemical and structural composition | linked to hormonal theory
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| Erickson's Bipolar Theory of Lifespan Development | Psychological | individual either views life with satisfaction, optimism, growth or with fear of death, regret, and disappointment | Integrity v. despair
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| Activity theory | Sociological (life experiences/lifestyles influence aging) | older adults who are socially active adjust better to aging | allows for continuation of roles that promote positive self-image/satisfaction
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| Disengagement theory | Sociological | individual distances him/herself or withdraws from society | decrease in social roles leads to further isolation and dissatisfaction
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| Dependency | Sociological | increased reliance on others for physical and emotional needs | increased focus on self
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| Integrated Model | Integrated | aging is a complex, multifactorial phenomenon affected by some or all of the factors described in other theories | Aging is not adequately explained by one theory
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| Genetic | Biological | Aging is intrinsic to organism. Genes are programmed to modulate aging changes & rate of progression. | Individuals vary in the expression of aging
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| Doubling/biologic clock | Biological | cellular deterioration due to limits of cell replication | aka Hayflick limit theory
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