Cognitive Psychology Exam #2
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| arousal | show 🗑
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| show | the attentive cognitive processing of a limited amount of information from the vast amount of information available through the senses, in memory, and through cognitive processes, focus on a small subset of available stimuli
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| show | involves no conscious control
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| show | the process by which a procedure changes from being highly conscious to being relatively automatic; also termed proceduralization
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| show | presenting the same two messages, or sometimes just one message, to both ears simulataneously
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| show | traces of visual perceptual ability in blind areas
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| show | the inability to detect changes in objects or scenes that are being viewed
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| cocktail party problem | show 🗑
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| show | looking for a particular combination (conjuction: joining together) of features
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| consciousness | show 🗑
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| controlled processes | show 🗑
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| dichotic presentation | show 🗑
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| show | change in a familiar stimulus that promps us to start noticing the stimulus again
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| show | nontarget stimuli that divert our attention away from the target stimulus
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| divided attention | show 🗑
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| feature-integration theory | show 🗑
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| show | simply scanning the environment for a particular feature or features
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| habituation | show 🗑
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| show | proposes that attention is flexible; selection of one message over another message can be made at any of various different points in the course of information processing
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| show | the facilitation of one's ability to utilize missing informatin; occurs when recognition of certain stimuli is affected by prior presentation of the same or similar stimuli
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| search | show 🗑
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| selective attention | show 🗑
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| show | a lessening of attention to a stimulus that is not subject to conscious control
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| signal | show 🗑
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| signal detection | show 🗑
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| show | a theory of how we detect stimuli that involves four possible outcomes of the presence or absence of a stimulus and our detection or nondetection of a stimulus
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| Stroop effect | show 🗑
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| show | experience of trying to remember something that is known to be stored in memory but that cannot readily be retrieved
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| show | refers to a person's ability to attend to a field of stimulation over a prolonged period, during which the person seeks to detect the appearance of a particular target stimulus of interest
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| show | a disease of older adults that causes dementia as wll as progressive memory loss
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| amnesia | show 🗑
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| show | the inability to remember event that occur after a traumatic event
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| show | both coordinates attentional activities and governs responses
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| show | a limited-capacity system that is capable of binding information from the subsidiary systems and from long-term memory into a unitary episodic representation
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| episodic memory | show 🗑
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| explicit memory | show 🗑
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| show | a process of producing retrieval of memories that seem to have been forgotten
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| hypothetical constructs | show 🗑
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| show | a discrete visual sensory register that holds information for very short periods
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| implicit memory | show 🗑
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| show | the inability to recall events that happened when we were very young
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| show | postulates that memory does not comprise three or even any specific number of separate stores but rather varies along a continuous dimension in terms of depth encoding
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| show | very large capacity, capable of storing information for very long periods, perhaps even indefinitely
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| show | the means by which we retain and draw o our past experiences to use this information in the present
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| show | someone who demonstrates extraordinarily keen memory ability, usually based on the use of special techniques for memory enhancement
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| show | briefly holds inner speech for verbal comprehension and for acoustic rehearsal
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| prime | show 🗑
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| priming effect | show 🗑
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| recall | show 🗑
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| recognition | show 🗑
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| retrograde amnesia | show 🗑
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| semantic memory | show 🗑
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| show | capable of storing relatively limited amounts of information for very brief periods
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| short-term store | show 🗑
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| visuospatial sketchpad | show 🗑
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| show | holds only the most recently activated portion of long-tem memory, and it moves these activated elements into and out of brief, temporary memory storage
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| show | the degree to which we can gain access to the available information
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| autobiographical memory | show 🗑
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| show | the presence of information stored in long-term memory
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| consolidation | show 🗑
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| show | prior experience affects how we recall things and what we actally recall from memory
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| decay | show 🗑
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| decay theory | show 🗑
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| distributed practice | show 🗑
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| show | refers to how you transform a physical, sensory input into a kind of representation that can be placed into memory
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| encoding specificity | show 🗑
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| show | a memory of an event so powerful that the person remembers the event as vividly as if it were indelibly preserved on film
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| interference | show 🗑
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| show | refers to the view that forgetting occurs because recall of certain words interferes with recall of other words
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| massed practice | show 🗑
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| metacognition | show 🗑
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| show | strategies involve reflecting on our own memory processes with a view to improving our memory
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| show | specific techniques to help you memorize lists of words
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| show | refers to the superior recall of words at and near the beginning of a list
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| show | occurs when the interfering material occurs before, rather than after, learning of the to-be-remembered material
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| show | refers to the superior recall of words at and near the end of a list
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| show | involving the use of various strategies (eg. searching for cues, drawing inferences) for retrieving the original memory traces of our experiences as a basis for retrieval
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| show | the repeated recitation of an item
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| retrieval (memory) | show 🗑
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| retroactive interference | show 🗑
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| show | refers to how you retain encoded information in memory
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| show | a form of knowledge representation that preserves the main perceptual features of whatever is being represented for the physical stimuli we observe in our environment
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| cognitive maps | show 🗑
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| show | knowledge of facts that can be stated
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| dual-code theory | show 🗑
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| functional-equivalence hypothesis | show 🗑
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| imagery | show 🗑
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| knowledge representation | show 🗑
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| show | knowledge structures that individuals construct to understand and explain their experiences;an internal representation of information that corresponds analogously with whatever is being represented
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| mental rotation | show 🗑
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| show | knowledge of procedures that can be implemented
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| propositional theory | show 🗑
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| symbolic representation | show 🗑
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| show | Adaptive Control of Thought. In his ACT model, Jon Anderson synthesized some of the features of serial infomation-processing models and some of the features of semantic-network models. represented as production systems. declarative= propositional networks
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| ACT-R | show 🗑
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| artifact categories | show 🗑
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| show | degree of specificity of a concept that seems to be a level within a hierarchy that is preferred to other levels; sometimes termed natural level
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| category | show 🗑
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| characteristic features | show 🗑
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| concept | show 🗑
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| show | according to connectionist models, we handle ver large numbers of cognitive operations at once through a network distributed across incalculable numbers of locations in the brain
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| show | the use of multiple approaches and techniques to address a problem
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| show | refers to the defining features something must have to be considered an example of a category
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| defining feature | show 🗑
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| show | typical representatives of a category
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| jargon | show 🗑
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| show | divided into discrete modules that operate more or less independently of each other
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| natural categories | show 🗑
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| networks | show 🗑
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| show | the elements of a network
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| show | the arbitrary assignment of a label toan entity that meets a certain set of prespecified conditions
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| parallel distributed processing (PDP) models | show 🗑
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| parallel processing | show 🗑
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| production | show 🗑
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| production system | show 🗑
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| prototype theory | show 🗑
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| show | mental frameworks for representing knowledge that encompass an array of interrelated concepts in a meaningful organization
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| script | show 🗑
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| show | means by which information is handled through a linear sequence of operations, one operation at a time
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| spreading activation | show 🗑
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| show | holds that people understand and categorize concepts in terms of implicit theories, or general ideas they have regarding those concepts
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