Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Cognitive Psych.
Cognitive Psychology Exam #2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| arousal | a degree of psychological excitation, responsitivity, and readiness for action, relative to a baseline |
| attention | the attentive cognitive processing of a limited amount of information from the vast amount of information available through the senses, in memory, and through cognitive processes, focus on a small subset of available stimuli |
| automatic processes | involves no conscious control |
| automatization | the process by which a procedure changes from being highly conscious to being relatively automatic; also termed proceduralization |
| binaural presentation | presenting the same two messages, or sometimes just one message, to both ears simulataneously |
| blindsight | traces of visual perceptual ability in blind areas |
| change blindness | the inability to detect changes in objects or scenes that are being viewed |
| cocktail party problem | the process of tracking one conversation in the face of the distraction of other conversations |
| conjunction search | looking for a particular combination (conjuction: joining together) of features |
| consciousness | includes both the feeling of awareness and the content of awareness |
| controlled processes | assessible to conscious control and even require it |
| dichotic presentation | presenting a different message to each ear |
| dishabituation | change in a familiar stimulus that promps us to start noticing the stimulus again |
| distracters | nontarget stimuli that divert our attention away from the target stimulus |
| divided attention | the prudent allocation of available attentional resources to coordinate the performance of more than one task at a time |
| feature-integration theory | explains the relative ease of conducting feature searches and the relative difficulty of conducting conjunction searches |
| feature search | simply scanning the environment for a particular feature or features |
| habituation | involves our becomig accustomed to a stimulus so that we gradually pay less and less attention to it |
| multimode theory | proposes that attention is flexible; selection of one message over another message can be made at any of various different points in the course of information processing |
| priming | the facilitation of one's ability to utilize missing informatin; occurs when recognition of certain stimuli is affected by prior presentation of the same or similar stimuli |
| search | refers to a scan of the environment for particular features- actively looking for something when you are not sure where it will appear |
| selective attention | choosing to attend to some stimuli and to ignore others |
| sensory adaptation | a lessening of attention to a stimulus that is not subject to conscious control |
| signal | a target stimulus |
| signal detection | the detection of the appearance of a particular stimulus |
| signal-detection theory (SDT) | a theory of how we detect stimuli that involves four possible outcomes of the presence or absence of a stimulus and our detection or nondetection of a stimulus |
| Stroop effect | demonstrates the psychological difficulty in selectively attending to the color of the ink and trying to ignore the word that is printed with the ink of that color |
| tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon | experience of trying to remember something that is known to be stored in memory but that cannot readily be retrieved |
| vigilance | refers to a person's ability to attend to a field of stimulation over a prolonged period, during which the person seeks to detect the appearance of a particular target stimulus of interest |
| Alzheimer's disease | a disease of older adults that causes dementia as wll as progressive memory loss |
| amnesia | severe loss of explicit memory |
| anterograde amnesia | the inability to remember event that occur after a traumatic event |
| central executive | both coordinates attentional activities and governs responses |
| episodic buffer | a limited-capacity system that is capable of binding information from the subsidiary systems and from long-term memory into a unitary episodic representation |
| episodic memory | stores personally experienced events or episodes |
| explicit memory | when participants engage in conscious recollection |
| hypermnesia | a process of producing retrieval of memories that seem to have been forgotten |
| hypothetical constructs | concepts that are not themselves directly measurable or observable but that serve as mental models for understanding how a psychological phenomenon works |
| iconic store | a discrete visual sensory register that holds information for very short periods |
| implicit memory | when we recollect something but are not consciously aware that we are trying to do so |
| infantile amnesia | the inability to recall events that happened when we were very young |
| levels-of-processing framework | postulates that memory does not comprise three or even any specific number of separate stores but rather varies along a continuous dimension in terms of depth encoding |
| long-term store | very large capacity, capable of storing information for very long periods, perhaps even indefinitely |
| memory | the means by which we retain and draw o our past experiences to use this information in the present |
| mnemonist | someone who demonstrates extraordinarily keen memory ability, usually based on the use of special techniques for memory enhancement |
| phonological loop | briefly holds inner speech for verbal comprehension and for acoustic rehearsal |
| prime | a node that activates a connected node; this activation is known as the priming effect |
| priming effect | the resulting activation of the node |
| recall | to produce a fact, a word, or other item from memory |
| recognition | to select or otherwise identify an item as being one that you learned previously |
| retrograde amnesia | occurs when individuals lose their purposeful memory for events prior to whatever trauma induces memory loss |
| semantic memory | stores general world knowledge |
| sensory store | capable of storing relatively limited amounts of information for very brief periods |
| short-term store | capable of storing information for somewhat longer periods but also of relatively limited capacity |
| visuospatial sketchpad | briefly hols sme visual images |
| working memory | holds only the most recently activated portion of long-tem memory, and it moves these activated elements into and out of brief, temporary memory storage |
| accessibility | the degree to which we can gain access to the available information |
| autobiographical memory | refers to memory of an individual's history |
| availability | the presence of information stored in long-term memory |
| consolidation | the process of integrating new information into stored information |
| constructive | prior experience affects how we recall things and what we actally recall from memory |
| decay | occurs when simply the passage of time causes an individual to forget |
| decay theory | asserts that information is forgotten becuase of the gradual disappearance, rather than displacement of the memory trace |
| distributed practice | learning in which various sessions are spaced over time |
| encoding | refers to how you transform a physical, sensory input into a kind of representation that can be placed into memory |
| encoding specificity | what is recalled depends on what is encoded |
| flashbulb memory | a memory of an event so powerful that the person remembers the event as vividly as if it were indelibly preserved on film |
| interference | occurs when competing information causes an individual to forget something |
| interference theory | refers to the view that forgetting occurs because recall of certain words interferes with recall of other words |
| massed practice | learning in which sessions are crammed together in a very short space of time |
| metacognition | our understanding and control of our cognition; our ability to think about and control our own processes of thought and ways of enhancing our thinking |
| metamemory | strategies involve reflecting on our own memory processes with a view to improving our memory |
| mnemoic devices | specific techniques to help you memorize lists of words |
| primacy effect | refers to the superior recall of words at and near the beginning of a list |
| proactive interference | occurs when the interfering material occurs before, rather than after, learning of the to-be-remembered material |
| recency effect | refers to the superior recall of words at and near the end of a list |
| reconstructive | involving the use of various strategies (eg. searching for cues, drawing inferences) for retrieving the original memory traces of our experiences as a basis for retrieval |
| rehearsal | the repeated recitation of an item |
| retrieval (memory) | refers to how you gain access to information stored in memory |
| retroactive interference | caused by activity occurring after we learn something but before we are aked to recall that thing; also called retroactive inhibition |
| storage (memory) | refers to how you retain encoded information in memory |
| analogue codes | a form of knowledge representation that preserves the main perceptual features of whatever is being represented for the physical stimuli we observe in our environment |
| cognitive maps | internal representations of our physical environment, particularly centering on spatial relationships |
| declarative knowledge | knowledge of facts that can be stated |
| dual-code theory | belief suggesting that knowledge is represented both in images and in symbols |
| functional-equivalence hypothesis | belief that although visual imagery is not identical to visual perception, it is functionally equivalent to it |
| imagery | the mental representation of things that are not currently being sensed by the sense organs |
| knowledge representation | the form for what you know in your mind about things, ideas, events, and so on that exist outside your mind |
| mental models | knowledge structures that individuals construct to understand and explain their experiences;an internal representation of information that corresponds analogously with whatever is being represented |
| mental rotation | involves rotationally transforming an object's visual mental image |
| procedural knowledge | knowledge of procedures that can be implemented |
| propositional theory | belief suggesting that knowledge is represented only in underlying propositions, not in the form of images or of words and oher symbols |
| symbolic representation | meaning that the relationship between the words and what it represents is simply arbitrary |
| ACT | Adaptive Control of Thought. In his ACT model, Jon Anderson synthesized some of the features of serial infomation-processing models and some of the features of semantic-network models. represented as production systems. declarative= propositional networks |
| ACT-R | a model of info processing that integrates a network representation for declarative knowledge and a production-system representation for procedural knowledge |
| artifact categories | groupings that are designed or invented by humans to serve particular purposes or functions |
| basic level | degree of specificity of a concept that seems to be a level within a hierarchy that is preferred to other levels; sometimes termed natural level |
| category | a concept that functions to organize or point out aspects of equivalence among other concepts based on common features or similarlity to a prototype |
| characteristic features | qualities that describe (chacterize or typify) the prototype but are not necessary for it |
| concept | an idea about something that provides a means of understanding the world |
| connectionist models | according to connectionist models, we handle ver large numbers of cognitive operations at once through a network distributed across incalculable numbers of locations in the brain |
| converging operations | the use of multiple approaches and techniques to address a problem |
| core | refers to the defining features something must have to be considered an example of a category |
| defining feature | a necessary attribute |
| exemplars | typical representatives of a category |
| jargon | specialized vocabulary commonly used within a group, such as a profession or a trade |
| modular | divided into discrete modules that operate more or less independently of each other |
| natural categories | groupings that occur naturally in the world |
| networks | a web of relationships (eg. category membership, attribution) between nodes |
| nodes | the elements of a network |
| nominal kind | the arbitrary assignment of a label toan entity that meets a certain set of prespecified conditions |
| parallel distributed processing (PDP) models | aka connectionist models. the handling of very large numbers of cognitive operations at once through a network distributed across incalculable numbers of locations in the brain |
| parallel processing | occurs when multiple operations are executed all at once |
| production | the generation and output of a procedure |
| production system | an ordered set of productions in which execution starts at the top of a list of productions, continues until a condition is satisfied, and then returns to the top of the list to start anew |
| prototype theory | suggests that categories are formed on the basis of a (prototypical, or averaged) model of the category |
| schemas | mental frameworks for representing knowledge that encompass an array of interrelated concepts in a meaningful organization |
| script | a structure that describes appropriate sequences of events in a particular context |
| serial processing | means by which information is handled through a linear sequence of operations, one operation at a time |
| spreading activation | excitation that fans out along a set of nodes within a given network |
| theory-based view of meaning | holds that people understand and categorize concepts in terms of implicit theories, or general ideas they have regarding those concepts |
Created by:
daniellaxd
Popular Psychology sets