psyc and research
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show | Scientific method
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first step to scientific method | show 🗑
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show | Hypothesis
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show | Theory
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periodical that publishes technical and scholarly material, usually in a narrowly defined area of inquiry | show 🗑
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show | Variable
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show | Operational definition
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the third step to the scientific method is | show 🗑
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show | Drawing conclusions
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mathematical methods to organize, summarize and interpret data | show 🗑
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in report findings psychologists evaluate material (peer review) and replicate so they can | show 🗑
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must rely on scientific research instead of ...... or ....... to discover knowledge bc of some reliable phenomenon | show 🗑
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show | hindsight bias
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the tendency to think we know more about an issue that we actually do | show 🗑
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show | false consensus effect
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we want to have our views confirmed | show 🗑
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show | Descriptive research
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watching animals or humans behave in their normal environment ( don’t interfere with subjects bc you can change the outcome of the experiment) | show 🗑
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major advantage of naturalistic observation is.... | show 🗑
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show | observer effect, observer bias, but you can use blind observers who dont know what the research question is to help with observation
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show | Observer effect
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a naturalistic observation in which the observer becomes a participant in the group being observed (to reduce observer effect | show 🗑
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tendency of observers to see what they expect to see. | show 🗑
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people who do not know what the research question is (to reduce observer bias). | show 🗑
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show | advantages: control over environment, allows use of specialized equipment. disadvantages: artificial situation that may result in artificial behavior.
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study of one individual in great detail | show 🗑
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show | Advantage: tremendous amount of detail, Disadvantage: cannot apply to others (cannot generalize)
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randomly selected participants from a larger population of subjects | show 🗑
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a deliberate manipulation of a variable to see if corresponding changes in behavior result, allowing the determination of cause-and-effect relationships | show 🗑
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subjects in an experiment who are subjected to the independent variable. | show 🗑
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subjects in an experiment who are not subjected to the independent variable and who may receive a placebo treatment (controls for confounding variables) | show 🗑
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show | experimental manipulation
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variable other than the IV that seem likely to influence the DV (sex, age, temperature, IQ…) | show 🗑
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occurs when 2 variables are linked together in a way that makes it difficult to sort out their specific effects | show 🗑
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show | random assignment
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not considered true experiments because of the inability to randomly assign participants to the experimental and control groups (for example, if age is the variable of interest). | show 🗑
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show | what is typical or average score Mean – average of the scores, Median – score that falls in the center of the distribution of scores, Mode – most frequent scores
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how much scores vary from each other and the mean | show 🗑
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show | standard deviation
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– a measure of the relationship between two variables | show 🗑
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a numerical index of the relationship; shows the direction and magnitude or degree of the relationship between 2 variables or events (direction of the relationship/strength of the relationship) | show 🗑
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show | stronger; No correlation = 0.0, Perfect correlation = -1.00 OR +1.00
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show | Positive; • as one increases the other increases; as one decreases, the other decreases
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....... correlation – an inverse relationship; 2 variables covary in an opposite direction | show 🗑
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show | Zero; is not a means of causation
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used to interpret and draw conclusions when research is designed to measure causal effects between 2 variables | show 🗑
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- when results of statistical calculations indicate that the results of the experiment are not due to chance alone, said to be | show 🗑
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tendency of the experimenter's expectations for a study to unintentionally influence the results of the study | show 🗑
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show | Placebo effect
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when the subject does what the experimenter wants him/ her to do (jerry springer) | show 🗑
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do the results apply to the “real world | show 🗑
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show | social desirability
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Must know enough about the study to make an intelligent decision about participating | show 🗑
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show | Voluntary
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explaining the reasons for conducting the research and clearing up any misconceptions or concerns on the part of the participant | show 🗑
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show | Confidentiality
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if research participation is a course requirement for college students, all students must be given the choice of an alternative activity of equal value | show 🗑
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show | Institutional review board
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