psyc and research
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| a system of gathering data so that bias and error in measurement are reduced (empirical method) | Scientific method
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| first step to scientific method | Perceiving the question ex. you wonder if the violence in the cartoon could be creating the aggressive behavior in your children. (derived from description: what is happening hear?)
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| second step to scientific method: tentative explanation of a phenomenon based on observations | Hypothesis
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| interrelated set of concepts that explain a body of data | Theory
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| periodical that publishes technical and scholarly material, usually in a narrowly defined area of inquiry | Journal
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| any measurable condition, event, characteristic, or behavior that are controlled and observed in a study (anything that you can change or measure) | Variable
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| a precise description of how the variables in a study will be observed and measured | Operational definition
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| the third step to the scientific method is | Testing the hypothesis
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| the forth step to the scientific method is | Drawing conclusions
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| mathematical methods to organize, summarize and interpret data | statistics
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| in report findings psychologists evaluate material (peer review) and replicate so they can | determine whether the reports can be recreated and to make sure it wasnt a fluke.
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| must rely on scientific research instead of ...... or ....... to discover knowledge bc of some reliable phenomenon | common sense or intuition
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| the tendency to perceive an outcome that has already occurred as obvious and predictable | hindsight bias
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| the tendency to think we know more about an issue that we actually do | judgmental overconfidence
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| tendency to think that others agree with us or are more like us than is true | false consensus effect
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| we want to have our views confirmed | confirmation bias
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| observes and describes without manipulating the variables | Descriptive research
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| watching animals or humans behave in their normal environment ( don’t interfere with subjects bc you can change the outcome of the experiment) | naturalistic observation
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| major advantage of naturalistic observation is.... | the realistic picture of behavior
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| what are potential problems of naturalistic observation and what are some ways around it? | observer effect, observer bias, but you can use blind observers who dont know what the research question is to help with observation
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| tendency of people or animals to behave differently from normal when they know they are being observed. | Observer effect
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| a naturalistic observation in which the observer becomes a participant in the group being observed (to reduce observer effect | Participant observation
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| tendency of observers to see what they expect to see. | Observer bias
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| people who do not know what the research question is (to reduce observer bias). | Blind observers
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| advantages and disadvantages to laboratory observations are: | advantages: control over environment, allows use of specialized equipment. disadvantages: artificial situation that may result in artificial behavior.
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| study of one individual in great detail | Case studies
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| advantages and disadvantages of case studies are: | Advantage: tremendous amount of detail, Disadvantage: cannot apply to others (cannot generalize)
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| randomly selected participants from a larger population of subjects | a representative sample
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| a deliberate manipulation of a variable to see if corresponding changes in behavior result, allowing the determination of cause-and-effect relationships | experiment
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| subjects in an experiment who are subjected to the independent variable. | experimental group
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| subjects in an experiment who are not subjected to the independent variable and who may receive a placebo treatment (controls for confounding variables) | control group
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| in the experimental method, assume that the only thing different between the experimental group and the control group is the ...........; so if there are changes, it must be due to the IV | experimental manipulation
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| variable other than the IV that seem likely to influence the DV (sex, age, temperature, IQ…) | extraneous variable
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| occurs when 2 variables are linked together in a way that makes it difficult to sort out their specific effects | confounding of variables
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| - process of assigning subjects to the experimental or control groups randomly, so that each subject has an equal chance of being in either group | random assignment
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| not considered true experiments because of the inability to randomly assign participants to the experimental and control groups (for example, if age is the variable of interest). | Quasiexperimental designs
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| Central tendency | what is typical or average score Mean – average of the scores, Median – score that falls in the center of the distribution of scores, Mode – most frequent scores
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| how much scores vary from each other and the mean | Variability
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| - index of amount of variability in a data set | standard deviation
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| – a measure of the relationship between two variables | Correlation (correlation doesn’t equal causation)
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| a numerical index of the relationship; shows the direction and magnitude or degree of the relationship between 2 variables or events (direction of the relationship/strength of the relationship) | Correlation coefficient
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| Closer to 1.00 or -1.00 the ....... the relationship between the variables. | stronger; No correlation = 0.0, Perfect correlation = -1.00 OR +1.00
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| ......... correlation – indicates a direct relationship, meaning the variables covary in the same direction | Positive; • as one increases the other increases; as one decreases, the other decreases
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| ....... correlation – an inverse relationship; 2 variables covary in an opposite direction | Negative; • as one increases, the other decreases
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| ..... correlation – means no relationship | Zero; is not a means of causation
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| used to interpret and draw conclusions when research is designed to measure causal effects between 2 variables | Inferential statistics
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| - when results of statistical calculations indicate that the results of the experiment are not due to chance alone, said to be | statistically significant
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| tendency of the experimenter's expectations for a study to unintentionally influence the results of the study | Experimenter effect
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| the phenomenon in which the expectations of the participants in a study can influence their behavior | Placebo effect
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| when the subject does what the experimenter wants him/ her to do (jerry springer) | demand characteristics
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| do the results apply to the “real world | generalizabilty
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| socially approved answers | social desirability
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| Must know enough about the study to make an intelligent decision about participating | Informed consent
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| can withdraw at any time without penalty. this means i am .... | Voluntary
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| explaining the reasons for conducting the research and clearing up any misconceptions or concerns on the part of the participant | Debriefing
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| - information acquired about people during a study must be kept private. Cannot compromise individual rights to privacy. Can only be released to others with client permission or certain exceptions | Confidentiality
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| if research participation is a course requirement for college students, all students must be given the choice of an alternative activity of equal value | Alternative activities
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| responsible for reviewing and approving research with humans at colleges, universities, medical centers, etc. | Institutional review board
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