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psyc and research
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| a system of gathering data so that bias and error in measurement are reduced (empirical method) | Scientific method |
| first step to scientific method | Perceiving the question ex. you wonder if the violence in the cartoon could be creating the aggressive behavior in your children. (derived from description: what is happening hear?) |
| second step to scientific method: tentative explanation of a phenomenon based on observations | Hypothesis |
| interrelated set of concepts that explain a body of data | Theory |
| periodical that publishes technical and scholarly material, usually in a narrowly defined area of inquiry | Journal |
| any measurable condition, event, characteristic, or behavior that are controlled and observed in a study (anything that you can change or measure) | Variable |
| a precise description of how the variables in a study will be observed and measured | Operational definition |
| the third step to the scientific method is | Testing the hypothesis |
| the forth step to the scientific method is | Drawing conclusions |
| mathematical methods to organize, summarize and interpret data | statistics |
| in report findings psychologists evaluate material (peer review) and replicate so they can | determine whether the reports can be recreated and to make sure it wasnt a fluke. |
| must rely on scientific research instead of ...... or ....... to discover knowledge bc of some reliable phenomenon | common sense or intuition |
| the tendency to perceive an outcome that has already occurred as obvious and predictable | hindsight bias |
| the tendency to think we know more about an issue that we actually do | judgmental overconfidence |
| tendency to think that others agree with us or are more like us than is true | false consensus effect |
| we want to have our views confirmed | confirmation bias |
| observes and describes without manipulating the variables | Descriptive research |
| watching animals or humans behave in their normal environment ( don’t interfere with subjects bc you can change the outcome of the experiment) | naturalistic observation |
| major advantage of naturalistic observation is.... | the realistic picture of behavior |
| what are potential problems of naturalistic observation and what are some ways around it? | observer effect, observer bias, but you can use blind observers who dont know what the research question is to help with observation |
| tendency of people or animals to behave differently from normal when they know they are being observed. | Observer effect |
| a naturalistic observation in which the observer becomes a participant in the group being observed (to reduce observer effect | Participant observation |
| tendency of observers to see what they expect to see. | Observer bias |
| people who do not know what the research question is (to reduce observer bias). | Blind observers |
| advantages and disadvantages to laboratory observations are: | advantages: control over environment, allows use of specialized equipment. disadvantages: artificial situation that may result in artificial behavior. |
| study of one individual in great detail | Case studies |
| advantages and disadvantages of case studies are: | Advantage: tremendous amount of detail, Disadvantage: cannot apply to others (cannot generalize) |
| randomly selected participants from a larger population of subjects | a representative sample |
| a deliberate manipulation of a variable to see if corresponding changes in behavior result, allowing the determination of cause-and-effect relationships | experiment |
| subjects in an experiment who are subjected to the independent variable. | experimental group |
| subjects in an experiment who are not subjected to the independent variable and who may receive a placebo treatment (controls for confounding variables) | control group |
| in the experimental method, assume that the only thing different between the experimental group and the control group is the ...........; so if there are changes, it must be due to the IV | experimental manipulation |
| variable other than the IV that seem likely to influence the DV (sex, age, temperature, IQ…) | extraneous variable |
| occurs when 2 variables are linked together in a way that makes it difficult to sort out their specific effects | confounding of variables |
| - process of assigning subjects to the experimental or control groups randomly, so that each subject has an equal chance of being in either group | random assignment |
| not considered true experiments because of the inability to randomly assign participants to the experimental and control groups (for example, if age is the variable of interest). | Quasiexperimental designs |
| Central tendency | what is typical or average score Mean – average of the scores, Median – score that falls in the center of the distribution of scores, Mode – most frequent scores |
| how much scores vary from each other and the mean | Variability |
| - index of amount of variability in a data set | standard deviation |
| – a measure of the relationship between two variables | Correlation (correlation doesn’t equal causation) |
| a numerical index of the relationship; shows the direction and magnitude or degree of the relationship between 2 variables or events (direction of the relationship/strength of the relationship) | Correlation coefficient |
| Closer to 1.00 or -1.00 the ....... the relationship between the variables. | stronger; No correlation = 0.0, Perfect correlation = -1.00 OR +1.00 |
| ......... correlation – indicates a direct relationship, meaning the variables covary in the same direction | Positive; • as one increases the other increases; as one decreases, the other decreases |
| ....... correlation – an inverse relationship; 2 variables covary in an opposite direction | Negative; • as one increases, the other decreases |
| ..... correlation – means no relationship | Zero; is not a means of causation |
| used to interpret and draw conclusions when research is designed to measure causal effects between 2 variables | Inferential statistics |
| - when results of statistical calculations indicate that the results of the experiment are not due to chance alone, said to be | statistically significant |
| tendency of the experimenter's expectations for a study to unintentionally influence the results of the study | Experimenter effect |
| the phenomenon in which the expectations of the participants in a study can influence their behavior | Placebo effect |
| when the subject does what the experimenter wants him/ her to do (jerry springer) | demand characteristics |
| do the results apply to the “real world | generalizabilty |
| socially approved answers | social desirability |
| Must know enough about the study to make an intelligent decision about participating | Informed consent |
| can withdraw at any time without penalty. this means i am .... | Voluntary |
| explaining the reasons for conducting the research and clearing up any misconceptions or concerns on the part of the participant | Debriefing |
| - information acquired about people during a study must be kept private. Cannot compromise individual rights to privacy. Can only be released to others with client permission or certain exceptions | Confidentiality |
| if research participation is a course requirement for college students, all students must be given the choice of an alternative activity of equal value | Alternative activities |
| responsible for reviewing and approving research with humans at colleges, universities, medical centers, etc. | Institutional review board |
Created by:
jhood
Popular Psychology sets