Test 2
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| Corpus Callosum | communication/connection point of the hemispheres made up of nerve fibers
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| Longitudinal Fissure | deep groove that divides L & R hemispheres
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| Left Half of Brain | - language
- logic
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| Right Half of Brain | - perception
- spatial
- intuition
- holistic/synthesis
- cognitive language
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| Frontal Lobe | - precentral gyrus (voluntary movement)
- premotor and supplementary motor areas (receive info to integrate, refine, plan & program)
- executive functioning
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| Broca's Area | - motor speech programming
- non-fluent aphasia
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| Parietal Lobe | - post central gyrus (sensory strip)
- R hemisphere associated with decision making, emotion, and feelings with emphasis on social & personal domain
- Supramarginal gyrus (written language) & reading comprehension
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| Temporal Lobe | Herschl's gyrus (primary auditory cortex aka meaning of sound)
Wernicke's area (auditory association & comprehension)
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| Occipital Lobe | - primary visual cortex and visual association areas
- visual perception area and possible reading comprehension deficits
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| Limbic Lobe | - motivationally driven behaviours
- emotional behaviours
- memory
- homeostatic responses
- sexual behaviour
- flight or fight
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| Subcortical Structures | - basal ganglia
- cerebellum
- brainstem
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| Basal Ganglia | - controls and stabilizes motor functioning
- interprets sensory info to guide motor functions
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| Cerebellum | - R & L hemisphere connected by vermis
- speech control via muscle activity
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| Brainstem | - medulla & pons contain nuclei for CN for speech production
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| Midbrain | - waystation for auditory and visual nervous system
- produces dopamine (aids in muscle control and muscle tone)
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| Thalamus | - relay station for sensory info
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| Hypothalamus | - emotional behaviour, regulation of body temp, hunger, sexual & sleeping behaviour
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| Angiography | - evaluate the blood flow and integrity of the blood vessels
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| CT | - measures transmission through tissue
- quick and inexpensive
- view of gross brain structures
- reflects density through tissue
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| MRI | - detailed image of soft tissue, ligaments, organs
- no radiation
- best for ischemic strokes
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| Components of Blood Supply | - plasma (liquid)
- solids: red corpuscles, white corpuscles, platelets
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| External Carotids | - supply face
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| Internal Carotids | - divide into anterior and middle cerebral arteries
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| Anterior Cerebral Artery (ACA) | - supplies the superior and anterior frontal lobes, corpus callosum, medial surfaces of the hemispheres, and portions of the subcortical areas
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| Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA) | - most of the lateral surfaces of the hemispheres and portions of the subcortical areas
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| Basilar Artery | - created by the 2 vertebral arteries joining
- divides into 2 posterior cerebral arteries
- branches supply the spinal cord, medulla, pons, midbrain, cerebellum
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| Posterior Cerebral Arteries | - supplies the inferior lateral surface of the temporal lobe
- lateral and medial surfaces of the occipital lobe
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| 2 Essential Nutrients Transported in Blood | - glucose
- oxygen
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| Anastomosis | - protective feature allowing collateral circulation of blood in case one channel of blood flow becomes blocked
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| Blockage of Flow to the R & L Anterior Cerebral Arteries | - affects functioning of prefrontal cortex
- executive functioning
- decision-making
- planning
- self-monitoring
- social appropriateness
- contralateral motor control and strength of lower body
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| Blockage of Flow to the L & R Middle Cerebral Arteries | - affect speech-language functions
- reading and writing
- contralateral deficits in motor control and strength of the upper body
- spatial relations difficulties and vision issues
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| Blockage of Flow to the L & R Posterior Cerebral Arteries | - visual acuity and visual attention problems
- reading problems
- sensory integration deficit (visual recognition and interpretation)
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| Hemispheric Specialization | - the notion that each side of the brain houses specialized abilities in most people
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| Intrahemispheric Specialization | - the notion that specific structures within each hemisphere are associated with specific abilities
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| Neuroplasticity | - the ability of the nervous system to change and adapt to internal or external influences
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| Spontaneous Recovery | - the natural pattern of improvement in functioning after a brain injury
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| Chronological Age | an index of how long a person has lived since birth
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| Biological Age | an index of the functioning of one's bodily organs over time
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| Cognitive Age | an index of how one's intelligence, memory, and learning abilities change over time
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| Psychological age | an index of how one's personality changes over time
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| Social age | an index of aging according to one's social roles and according to changes in one's environment over time
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| Biopsychosocial Models of Aging | - emphasize the complex interactions among biological, psychological, and sociological factors that influence how people age
- sense of identity
- accepted by WHO models of disability and health
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| Post-formal Operational Stage | reasoning becomes more flexible and meaningfully connected to life experiences
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| Motivational Theory of Life-Span Development | - adults highly individualized abilities to choose, adapt to, and pursue life changes and opportunities
- self-regulatory skills
- motivation to address concerns (ie. compensating for challenges or dismissing as normal aging)
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| Healthy/Aging Well | - function
- resilience
- engagement
- dignity
- autonomy
- minimizing disease
- a life full of meaning, engagement with others, learning and resiliences through hardships
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| Aging Population Rising | - increased life expectancy
- decreased fertility
- improved longevity
- decreased infant mortality
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| Stereotypical Aspects of Dysfunction with Aging | cognitive, linguistic, and motor abilities
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| REAL Aspects of Dysfunction with Aging | - genetic predisposition
- poor nutrition
- glucose fluctuation
- lack of exercise
- low social engagement
- illness
- stress
- environmental contamination
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| Cognitive-Communicative Challenges | - neuronal shrinkage & reduced dendritic branching (decreased brain volume)
- atrophy (frontal lobes and hippocampus
- reduction in neurotransmitters
- decreased white matter (frontal lobes)
- accumulation of amyloid beta or amyloid plaques
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| Reserve Capacity | supports ability to perform in ways that are typically not tested or demonstrated
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| Positive Aspects of Aging | - ongoing storage of semantic, episodic, and procedural memories
- ability to integrate & reflect on thematic elements of stored long-term memories
- clearer balance of basic drives
- synapse specialization (wisdom)
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| Procedural Memory | how to accomplish a specific task
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| Autobiographical Memory | important aspects about one's life
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| Episodic Memory | personal experiences
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| Source Memory | how and where one acquired knowledge or where/when it took place
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| Short-Term Memory | recent events
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| Age-Related Threat | implicit/explicit belief that one will fail because they are old
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| Preservation of Language | - overall general health and wellbeing
- SES
- higher education level
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| Elderspeak | adaptation of language because of a persons age
- includes prosody, lexical choice, and pragmatic aspects
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| Word Finding (Age) | - tip-of-tongue experiences
- slower confrontational naming
- less accurate
- reduced verbal fluency
- challenges at the phonological level
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| Syntactic Processing (Age) | - challenges with understanding long & complex sentences increases with age (attributed to decline in working memory)
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| Reading and Writing (Age) | - mirror skills of listening and speaking
- changes in sensory and motor deficits could impact
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| Pragmatics (Age) | - is not directly impacted by age
- priorities and interests evolve across life stages
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| Guidelines for Determining Typical VS Atypical Aging | - great variability in "normal"
- based on prior history
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| Primary Aging | normal
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| Secondary Aging | impairment-based
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| 3 Aspects of Discourse | - emotional regulation
- personal discourse goals
- nature of specific discourse tasks
- disfluencies with speech
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| Discourse Coherence | - the ability to tie together elements of a story and maintain thematic content
- declines with age
- considers previous abilities, education, level, vocab, interest, degree of motivation
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| Resource Capacity Theories | attribute cognitive and linguistic deficits to a reduction in overall cognitive abilities
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| Working Memory Theories | aging implications are based on evidence that working memory capacity declines with age, especially in older age
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| Context-Processing Deficiency Theory | as we get older, we have increasing difficulty judging and taking into account the context of cognitive or linguistic tasks and thus adjusting to context
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| Signal Degradation Theories | impacted by the decline in processing of visual and auditory information
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| Transmission Deficit Theories | declines are due to reduced efficiency of neuronal transmission
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| Speed-of-Processing Theories/General Slowing Hypothesis | the notion that our cognitive processing at all levels slows as we age
- especially relevant to the processing of auditory linguistic input, which is intricately time-bound
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| Inhibition Theories/Inhibitory Deficit Theories | based on the rationale that older people have greater challenges than younger people with inhibiting irrelevant information and focusing attention to a particular task in the face of multiple competing stimuli or task requirements
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| PET Scan | - can detect metabolic changes associated with progression of neurodegenerative diseases
- displays differences in regions of the brain activated during specific types of tasks
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| Angiography | helps determine the extent of vascular problems within the cerebral blood vessels
- identifies aneurysms, arteriovenous malformation, and tumours within the vascular system
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| EEG/Electroencephalography | study of electrical potential differences between two or more points of the skull
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| Eye Tracking | entails monitoring of the location and duration of eye fixations as people look at real world-scenes, objects, or computer-projected still images and videos
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| Pupillometry | the measurement of pupillary diameter
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| Sensorimotor Tracking | entails having a person engage in a sensorimotor task wile engaging in a cognitive or linguistic task
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| Perisylvian Region | structural components of the brain are clustered around this area in the language-dominant hemisphere
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| Achromatopsia/Dyschromatopsia | problems with colour perception
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| Visual Attention Deficits | problems with being aware of information that is actually registered in the brain (not sensory deficits)
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| Visual Integration Deficits | problems making sense of visual information that is physically seen and attended to
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| Ocular Motor Deficits | problems adjusting the shape of the lens, problems with pupillary dilation, problems with achieving visual reflexes, and problems moving the eye within the socket
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| Binocular | both eyes jointly
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| Monocular | one eye
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| Calcarine Fissure | a prominent sulcus seen on the medial surface of each hemisphere of the brain
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| Cataracts | the accumulation of fibrous proteins on the lens
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| Hypermetropia | reduced near visual activity
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| Myopia | far visual acuity
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| Scotoma | a lesion within a specific set of fibers within the optic nerve on one side
- blindness within the visual field for only that eye
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| Hemianopsia | half of the visual field is affected
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| Homonymous Hemianopsia | a lesion of the optic tract (after the fibers have passed through the optic chasm) on the left side of the brain
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| Lesion on the Optic Nerve | may result in partial or complete blindness in one eye
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| Apperceptive Agnosia | the inability to recognize an object
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| Associative Agnosia | failure to associate meaning to what is seen
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| Prosopagnosia | an impairment in the ability to recognize faces
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| Optic Aphasia | an impairment in naming an object presented visually, despite being able to describe the object
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| Visuoconstructive Deficits | problems with being able to process two-or three- dimensional relationships in space
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| Auditory Agnosia | a challenge with recognizing or interpreting sounds
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| Retina | the inside layer of the eyeball
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| Rod | - photorecepter
- important for low-light and peripheral vision
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| Cone | - photoreceptor
- important for bright light and responsible for central discriminative vision and color detection
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| Sclera | - the outer coating of the eye ball
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| Optic Nerve | - cranial never II
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| Optic Chiasm | the x-shaped structure housing the optic nerve fibers at the base of the brain
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| Visual Field | refers to the entire space from which we take in visual information as we look forward
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