Microbiology Exam 4 CH. 14, 15, 16 & 17
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| show | Pathology
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| development of the disease | show 🗑
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| cause | show 🗑
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| show | Infection
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| show | Disease
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| show | Microorganism that establish permanent residence without producing disease.
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| are microorganisms that may be present for a time and then disappear from the body. | show 🗑
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| show | symbiosis
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| show | 1-Ocupying space that pathogens might occupy
2-Producing acids
3- producing bacteriocins
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| show | -commensalism
-mutualism
-parasitism
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| show | commensalism
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| both organisms benefit. EX: E.Coli in GI tract assist in vitamin process, benefit both | show 🗑
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| show | Parasitism
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| Organisms that do not cause disease in their normal habit in a healthy person, but may do so in a different environment, are called _____________ pathogens. (When taking a broad spectrum antibotic) | show 🗑
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| show | Probiotic
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| show | KNOW ROBERT KOCH'S 4 POSTULATES!!!!
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| Is a change in body function that is felt by a patient as a result of disease. | show 🗑
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| is an objective change in a body that can be measured or observed as a result of a disease. | show 🗑
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| show | syndrome
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| disease is one that is spread form one host to another, either directly or indirectly. | show 🗑
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| disease is one that is easily spread from one hose to another. | show 🗑
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| disease is one that is not transmitted from one host to another | show 🗑
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| show | incidnece
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| fraction of a population having a specific disease at a given time | show 🗑
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| disease that occurs occasionally in a population, such as Typhoid fever of cholera | show 🗑
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| disease that is constantly present is a population, such as the common cold. | show 🗑
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| disease acquired by many host in a given area in a short time, such as the influenza virus | show 🗑
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| disease that causes a worldwide epidemic, such as the AIDS virus. | show 🗑
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| Symptoms appear rapidly (Influenza) | show 🗑
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| show | Chronic
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| Symptoms appear between acute & chronic (Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis/ Brain disease) | show 🗑
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| Disease with a period of no symptoms when disease in inactive microbe can lay dormnet & reappear later due to stress... etc. (Shingles/ varicella virus) | show 🗑
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| infection, such as measles, occurs throughout the body | show 🗑
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| infection is a systemic infection that began as a local infection. | show 🗑
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| show | Septicemia
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| refers to the presence of bacteria in the blood | show 🗑
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| show | toxemia
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| show | virema
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| show | primary infeciton
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| show | secondary infection
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| show | subclinical
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| Examples of predisposing factors that make the body more susceptible to disease | show 🗑
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| is the time between the actual infection and the 1st appearance of sign or symptoms. | show 🗑
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| show | Prodromal period
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| occurs when overt symptoms of the disease are apparent | show 🗑
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| occurs when the signs and symptoms of the disease subside | show 🗑
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| patient regains his or her pre-diseased state | show 🗑
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| Reservoirs of infection: -Human: -Animal: -Non-living soil: | show 🗑
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| What are the 3 principle route for transmission of disease from causative agents from the reservoir infection to a susceptible host | show 🗑
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| Can be direct. -Sneeze, hand shake | show 🗑
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| show | Indirect contact transmission
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| Sneez, cough, Via airborne vector -Tick, Mosquito | show 🗑
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| Not washing chicken then cutting veggies | show 🗑
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| show | Mechanical
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| are infections that are acquired during the course of stay in a hospital, nursing home, or other healthcare facility. -Surgery | show 🗑
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| What are some factors that contribute to emerging infections diseases? | show 🗑
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| is the science that deals with the transmission of diseases in the human population and where they occur | show 🗑
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| show | pathogenicigty
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| refers to the degree or extent of pathogenicity. | show 🗑
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| Pathogens gain entrance to the human body and other hosts through several avenues | show 🗑
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| show | respiratory tract
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| microbes can access through contaminated food and water, but most are destroyed by acids, bile and enzymes in stomach and small intestine | show 🗑
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| portal of entry for STI's | show 🗑
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| show | skin
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| show | Parenteral route
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| show | Many microbes can only cause disease when they enter through their preferred portal of entry
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| is the dose of a toxin that will kill half of all test animals. (The lower the dosage, the more virulent the toxin) | show 🗑
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| is necessary for most pathogens to enter the body and cause disease. | show 🗑
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| show | bioflims
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| Once bacteria have entered the host, they have several mechanisms for overcoming host defenses. Some bacteria, such as Streptococcus pneumoniae and B. anthracis have __________, which allow them to escape phagocytosis by WBC's. | show 🗑
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| show | cell wall
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| show | extracellular enzymes
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| enzymes that coagulate the fibrinogen in blood and form a blood clot to protect the bacterium from phagocytosis | show 🗑
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| enzymes that break down fibrin and dissolve clots formed by the body to spread the infection throughout the body | show 🗑
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| enzyme that digests hyaluronic acid, a polysaccharide that holds connective tissues together | show 🗑
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| show | collagenase
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| show | IgA protease
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| the pathogen can alter their surface antigens as a means of evading the host immune system. | show 🗑
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| Bacteria such as Salmonella and E.coli produce proteins called _________ that rearrange actin filaments of the host cell's cytoskeleton, which allows them to penetrate the host cell and move between the cells. | show 🗑
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| Bacterial pathogens can damage the host cell in several ways. One way to cause damage is by using the host's nutrients, and may occur as pathogens secrete _____________, which remove iron from iron-transport proteins. | show 🗑
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| another method of damaging host cells involves direct damage. This occurs b/c onec pathogens attach to cells they multiply and use the host cell for nutrients and produce waste products that result in ____________. | show 🗑
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| Toxins are another means by which bacterial pathogens damage host cells. These toxins may be exotoxins or endotoxins. What are some key features of exotoxins? | show 🗑
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| show | Polypeptides
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| are exotoxins that cause lysis of host cells by disrupting their plasma membrances | show 🗑
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| are membrane-disrupting toxins that kill WBC's | show 🗑
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| are membrane-disrupting toxins that kill RBC's | show 🗑
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| are antigens that provoke a very intense immune response and stimulate the proliferation of T cells, which release enormous amounts of cytokines | show 🗑
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| proteins that stimulate of inhibit many cell functions and can produce many symptoms, such as fever, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and even death. | show 🗑
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| show | diphtheria toxin
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| produced by Streptococcus pyogenes that damages blood capillaries and produces a red rash (Scarlet fever) | show 🗑
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| produced by Clostridium botulinum and causes flaccid paralysis of muscles b/c toxin inhibits release of acetylcholine | show 🗑
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| show | tetanus toxin
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| produced by Vibrio cholera and is an A-B toxin that binds to epithelial cells of the intestines and causes severe diarrhea and the loss of fluid and electrolytes | show 🗑
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| produced by Staph aureus and affects intestines the same as the cholera toxin | show 🗑
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| show | 1.Source: Gram-
2. Relation to Microbe: Outer Membrane
3. Chemistry: Lipid A
4. Fever?- Yes
5. Neutralized by Antitoxin?- No
6. LD50- Relatively Large
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| Name several MO's that produce endotoxins. | show 🗑
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| are able to evade host defenses by growing inside cells where they can escape components of the immune system, can gain entry into cells b/c their attachment sites mimic subs. useful to those cells, or may attack components of the immune system directly | show 🗑
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| refers to the visible damage caused by viruses to host cells and are used to diagnose many viral infections (may be cytocidal effects or noncytocidal effects) | show 🗑
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| cause cells own __________ to release enzymes, causing cell lysis | show 🗑
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| which are granules composed of viral parts that can be found in virus-infected cells | show 🗑
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| show | syncytium
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| cell may produce ___________ that protects neighboring uninfected cells from infection | show 🗑
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| Transform cell so it loses _____________ which leads to unregulated cell growth | show 🗑
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| show | ergotism
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| show | aflatoxin
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| show | -Phalloidin
-amanitin
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| Protozoa can cause disease symptoms in host due to the _______________ they produce and may rupture host cells or prevent normal functioning of host cells. | show 🗑
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| may cause disease because they can use the host's nutrients for their own nourishment and grow to be very large, which can damage host tissues. | show 🗑
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| is caused by a helminthic parasite that is transmitted by mosquitoes and block lymphatic circulation which causes grotesque swelling of the legs and other parts of the body | show 🗑
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| a few species of algae can produce | show 🗑
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| The 2 most common portals of exit are | show 🗑
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| show | Nonspecific resistance
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| show | specific resistance
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| show | -Physical (mechanical) & chemical
-Physical & Chemical
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| The skin in the body's largest organ and consists of the _________ and ___________ and protects against microbes because it is dry and undergoes periodic shedding | show 🗑
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| show | mucus
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| show | lacrimal apparatus
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| show | saliva
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| covers the larynx during swallowing | show 🗑
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| removes microbes from the urinary system | show 🗑
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| show | vagina secretions
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| expels microbes out of the body | show 🗑
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| What are some chemical defenses of the skin? | show 🗑
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| a chemical defense factor that is found in perspiration, tears, saliva, and tissue fluids that break chemical bonds | show 🗑
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| show | peptidoglycan
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| show | -Gastric juice
-1.2-3
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| show | Transferrins
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| When microbes penetrate the first time of defense they encounter a second line of defense that includes defense cells; called ________ cells, which engulf and eliminate pathogens | show 🗑
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| Blood consists of fluid called | show 🗑
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| are the cells (red blood cells, white blood cells) and cell fragments (platelets) suspended in plasma | show 🗑
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| Have granules in the cytoplasm | show 🗑
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| show | Agranulocytes:
-Lymphocytes
-Monocytes
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| aka "polymorphonuclear leukocytes" (PMNs); 60-70% of leukocytes; important in phagocytosis | show 🗑
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| 0.5-1% of leukocytes; release histamine, a factor in inflammation and allergic responses (some phagocytic properties) | show 🗑
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| 2-4% of leukocytes, perform some phagocytosis, but mainly attach to helminthic parasites and discharge lethal peroxide ions; increase in numbers during parasitic infections and allergic reactions | show 🗑
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| 20-25% of WBC population, important to specific immunity; not phagocytic; include B,T, and Natural Killer cells | show 🗑
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| 3-8% of WBC population: are phagocytic only after maturing into macrophages; also include phagocytic cells called Dendritic cells | show 🗑
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| Another second line of defense in _____________ which is how a host responds to tissue damage. It is characterized by redness, pain, heat, swelling, and sometimes loss of function. | show 🗑
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| show | -destroy causative agent
-confine or wall it off
-repair or replace damaged tissue
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| The hypothalamus is normally set at ___________, but may rise as result of a fever, which is beneficial in aiding body tissue repair and inhibiting microbial growth (So fever is another second line of defense against pathogens) | show 🗑
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| show | interleukin 1 & TNF-a
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| Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas 60, 30, 6, 3 , 1 | show 🗑
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| a second line of defense system that consists of 30 proteins produced by the liver and found circulating in blood serum | show 🗑
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| The complement system destroys microbes by: | show 🗑
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| show | interferons
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| show | antimicrobial peptides
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| show | antigen
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| show | antibody
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| involves T lymphocytes, which act against foreign organisms & regulate the activation & proliferation of other immune cells, most effective against bacteria & viruses located withN host cells( intracellular pathogens)as well fungi, protozoans, & helminths | show 🗑
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| (CD4+) recognize foreign antigens and activate other immune cells by secreting cytokines | show 🗑
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| show | cytotoxic t cell
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| show | Regulatory t cell
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| T cells must be activated by ________, which are B cell, dendritic cells, macrophages, or reticular cells that digest antigens and display them in MHC class II molecules | show 🗑
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| show | humoral
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| show | IgG antibodies
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| antibodies are the first antibodies to appear in response to an initial antigen exposure and are large antibodies that can agglutinate antigens | show 🗑
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| antibodies are the most common antibodies in the mucous membranes and secretions and are present in colostrum and help prevent gastrointestinal infections in newborns, | show 🗑
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| show | IgD antibodies
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| antibodies are important during allergic reactions and for the lysis or parasitic worms | show 🗑
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| Name the 5 protective mechanisms of binding anitbodies to antigens | show 🗑
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| antibodies are produced in response to an infection | show 🗑
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| show | naturally acquired passive immunity
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| antigens are introduced by vaccines and the body produces antibodies in response | show 🗑
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| show | artificially acquired passive immunity
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| Which of the following is NOT a component of the first-line of defense against disease? -phagocytes -intact skin -mucous membranes -normal microbes -all are components | show 🗑
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| show | period of mild symptoms
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| show | focal infection
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| show | true
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| show | IgD
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| T/F: Lymphocytes are phagocytic cells | show 🗑
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| show | Basophils
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| show | True
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| ____________ is a chemical defense factor found in perspiration, tears, saliva, and tissue fluids that breaks chemical bonds in peptidoglycan | show 🗑
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| which of the following is resistance to parasitic helminths? -Basophil -Eosinophil -Lymphocyte -monocyte -neutrophil | show 🗑
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| show | False
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| show | False; caused by any pathogen multiplying in the bloodstream (viruses, toxins, etc)
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| show | false; pandemic
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| show | Septicemia
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| show | Direct contact
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| T/F: Inflammation is beneficial to confine or wall off an infection | show 🗑
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| show | Disease constantly present in the population, like the common cold
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| Which of the following conditions is caused by a helminthic parasite that it transmitted by mosquitoes and results in grotesque swelling because it blocks lymphatic circulation? -Tetanus -cholera -scarlet fever -botulinum -elephantiasis | show 🗑
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| show | epidemiology
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| cytopathic effects are changes in host cells due to | show 🗑
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| show | IgG
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| T/F: Collagenases break down fibrin blood clots to allow bacteria to spread throughout the body | show 🗑
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| show 🗑
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