Microbiology Exam 4 CH. 14, 15, 16 & 17
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| is the science that deals with the study of disease and is concerned with the etiology(cause) of disease, pathogenesis (development of the disease), and its effects on the body. | Pathology
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| development of the disease | pathogenesis
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| cause | etiology
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| is the invasion or colonization of the body by pathogenic microorganisms. EX: E.Coli in intestine, harmless, however, can cause UTI if in urinary tract. | Infection
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| Occurs when an infection results in any change from a state of health; it is an abnormal state in which part of all the body is not properly adjusted or incapable of performing its normal functions | Disease
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| What are normal flora or normal microbiota? | Microorganism that establish permanent residence without producing disease.
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| are microorganisms that may be present for a time and then disappear from the body. | Transient Microbiota
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| the relationship between normal microbiota and the host is called | symbiosis
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| Normal microbiota can benefit the host by preventing the overgrowth of harmful microorganisms, Name 3 ways that these organisms protect the host. | 1-Ocupying space that pathogens might occupy
2-Producing acids
3- producing bacteriocins
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| Examples of symbiotic relationships between the host and normal microbiota include | -commensalism
-mutualism
-parasitism
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| one organisms is benefited and the other is unaffected. EX: corynebacteria- grows on cornea of eye, doesn't affect vision | commensalism
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| both organisms benefit. EX: E.Coli in GI tract assist in vitamin process, benefit both | Mutualism
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| one organism benefits at the expense of the other. | Parasitism
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| Organisms that do not cause disease in their normal habit in a healthy person, but may do so in a different environment, are called _____________ pathogens. (When taking a broad spectrum antibotic) | opportunisitc
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| are live microbes applied to or ingested into the body, intended to exert a beneficial effect, such as the use of lactic acid-producing bacteria to prevent surgical infections caused by S. aureus. | Probiotic
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| KNOW ROBERT KOCH'S 4 POSTULATES!!!! | KNOW ROBERT KOCH'S 4 POSTULATES!!!!
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| Is a change in body function that is felt by a patient as a result of disease. | Symptom
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| is an objective change in a body that can be measured or observed as a result of a disease. | sign
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| is a specific group of signs and symptoms that accompany a disease | syndrome
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| disease is one that is spread form one host to another, either directly or indirectly. | communicable
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| disease is one that is easily spread from one hose to another. | contagious
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| disease is one that is not transmitted from one host to another | noncommunicable
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| fraction of population that contracts a disease during a specific time | incidnece
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| fraction of a population having a specific disease at a given time | Prevalence
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| disease that occurs occasionally in a population, such as Typhoid fever of cholera | sporadic
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| disease that is constantly present is a population, such as the common cold. | Endemic
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| disease acquired by many host in a given area in a short time, such as the influenza virus | Epidemic
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| disease that causes a worldwide epidemic, such as the AIDS virus. | Pandemic
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| Symptoms appear rapidly (Influenza) | Acute
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| Disease develops slowly (mononucleosis/ Epstein bar virus, TB, Hep B) | Chronic
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| Symptoms appear between acute & chronic (Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis/ Brain disease) | Subacute
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| Disease with a period of no symptoms when disease in inactive microbe can lay dormnet & reappear later due to stress... etc. (Shingles/ varicella virus) | Latent
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| infection, such as measles, occurs throughout the body | Systemic
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| infection is a systemic infection that began as a local infection. | Focal
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| also called blood poisoning, refers to the growth of pathogens in the blood. | Septicemia
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| refers to the presence of bacteria in the blood | bacteremia
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| refers to toxins in the blood | toxemia
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| refers to viruses in the blood | virema
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| is an acute infection that causes that initial illness | primary infeciton
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| is one caused by an opportunistic pathogen after the primary infection has weakened the body's defenses. | secondary infection
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| disease is one in which there are no noticeable signs or symptoms of diseases | subclinical
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| Examples of predisposing factors that make the body more susceptible to disease | -sex (short urethra in females)
-genetics
-climate and weather
-fatigue
-age
-lifestyle
-chemotherapy
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| is the time between the actual infection and the 1st appearance of sign or symptoms. | incubation period
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| is characterized by mild symptoms of the disease, | Prodromal period
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| occurs when overt symptoms of the disease are apparent | period of illness
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| occurs when the signs and symptoms of the disease subside | period of decline
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| patient regains his or her pre-diseased state | period of convalescence
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| Reservoirs of infection: -Human: -Animal: -Non-living soil: | -Human: many people harbor pathogens and transmit them to others. ]
-Animals: Primary in wild & domestic animals can be transferred.
-Non-living soil: (Botulism) fecal contamination of water.
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| What are the 3 principle route for transmission of disease from causative agents from the reservoir infection to a susceptible host | Contact transmission, Indirect contact, Droplets transmission, vehicle transmission, mechanical
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| Can be direct. -Sneeze, hand shake | Contact transmission
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| Fomites- nonliving -Money, bedding, | Indirect contact transmission
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| Sneez, cough, Via airborne vector -Tick, Mosquito | Droplets transmission
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| Not washing chicken then cutting veggies | Vehicle transmission
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| Indirect -Fly on food | Mechanical
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| are infections that are acquired during the course of stay in a hospital, nursing home, or other healthcare facility. -Surgery | Nosocomial (Healthcare-associated infection)
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| What are some factors that contribute to emerging infections diseases? | -Natural evolution
-Inappropriate use of antibiotics or pesticides
-Changes in weather/climate patterns
-Modern transportation
-Ecological disaster, war, expanding human settlement
-Animal control measures
-public health failure
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| is the science that deals with the transmission of diseases in the human population and where they occur | Epidemiology
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| The ability to cause disease in a host is called | pathogenicigty
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| refers to the degree or extent of pathogenicity. | virulence
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| Pathogens gain entrance to the human body and other hosts through several avenues | portals of entry
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| easiest and most frequent portal of entry; microbes inhaled into nose or mouth | respiratory tract
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| microbes can access through contaminated food and water, but most are destroyed by acids, bile and enzymes in stomach and small intestine | GI tract
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| portal of entry for STI's | genitourinary tract
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| largest organ of body and first line of defense against microbes; unbroken skin in virtually impenetrable to most microbes but some can enter through hair follicles, sweat glands, or have enzymes to penetrate skin | skin
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| pathogens are deposited directly into tissues beneath the skin and mucous membranes by punctures, injections, bites, etc. | Parenteral route
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| Why does it matter how a microbe enters the body? | Many microbes can only cause disease when they enter through their preferred portal of entry
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| is the dose of a toxin that will kill half of all test animals. (The lower the dosage, the more virulent the toxin) | LD50
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| is necessary for most pathogens to enter the body and cause disease. | Adherence
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| Adherence involves the use of adhesions or ligands to attach to receptors on host cells andy may contribute to the formation of | bioflims
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| Once bacteria have entered the host, they have several mechanisms for overcoming host defenses. Some bacteria, such as Streptococcus pneumoniae and B. anthracis have __________, which allow them to escape phagocytosis by WBC's. | m. protein
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| The __________ of certain bacteria contain chemical substances (such as M proteins, fimbriae, or waxes) that contribute to virulence by allowing them to evade phagocytosis | cell wall
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| Some bacteria contain ____________ that allow them to break open cells, dissolve material between cells, dissolve blood clots, or destroy antibodies | extracellular enzymes
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| enzymes that coagulate the fibrinogen in blood and form a blood clot to protect the bacterium from phagocytosis | coagulases
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| enzymes that break down fibrin and dissolve clots formed by the body to spread the infection throughout the body | kinase
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| enzyme that digests hyaluronic acid, a polysaccharide that holds connective tissues together | Hugaluronidase
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| enzyme that breaks down the collagen framework of muscles and other tissues | collagenase
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| enzymes that destroy IgA antibodies produced by the host as a defense against the adherence of pathogens to mucosal surfaces | IgA protease
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| the pathogen can alter their surface antigens as a means of evading the host immune system. | Antigenic Variation
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| Bacteria such as Salmonella and E.coli produce proteins called _________ that rearrange actin filaments of the host cell's cytoskeleton, which allows them to penetrate the host cell and move between the cells. | Invasins
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| Bacterial pathogens can damage the host cell in several ways. One way to cause damage is by using the host's nutrients, and may occur as pathogens secrete _____________, which remove iron from iron-transport proteins. | siderophores
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| another method of damaging host cells involves direct damage. This occurs b/c onec pathogens attach to cells they multiply and use the host cell for nutrients and produce waste products that result in ____________. | Cell rupture
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| Toxins are another means by which bacterial pathogens damage host cells. These toxins may be exotoxins or endotoxins. What are some key features of exotoxins? | 1.Source- mostly gram +; also some gram -
2.Relation to Microbe- by products of growing cell
3.Chemistry-Protein
4.Fever?- No
5.Neutralized by antitoxin?- Yes
6.LD50-small( enzymation amplification)
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| Exotoxins are divided into three-principle types based on structure and function, which include A-B toxins, membrane-disrupting toxins, and superantigens. Most exotoxins are __________ and consist of 2 parts, the A site (active) & B site (binding) | Polypeptides
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| are exotoxins that cause lysis of host cells by disrupting their plasma membrances | membrane-disrupting toxins
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| are membrane-disrupting toxins that kill WBC's | leukocidins
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| are membrane-disrupting toxins that kill RBC's | hemolysins
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| are antigens that provoke a very intense immune response and stimulate the proliferation of T cells, which release enormous amounts of cytokines | superantigens
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| proteins that stimulate of inhibit many cell functions and can produce many symptoms, such as fever, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and even death. | cytokines
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| A-B toxin produced by Corynebacterium diphtheriae only when bacterium is infected by lysogenic phage | diphtheria toxin
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| produced by Streptococcus pyogenes that damages blood capillaries and produces a red rash (Scarlet fever) | erythrogenic toxin
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| produced by Clostridium botulinum and causes flaccid paralysis of muscles b/c toxin inhibits release of acetylcholine | botulinum toxin
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| produced by Clostridium tetani and is an A-B neurotoxin that causes uncontrollable muscle spasms by blocking the relaxation pathway of muscle control | tetanus toxin
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| produced by Vibrio cholera and is an A-B toxin that binds to epithelial cells of the intestines and causes severe diarrhea and the loss of fluid and electrolytes | cholera toxin
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| produced by Staph aureus and affects intestines the same as the cholera toxin | staphylococcal enterotoxin
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| Name several features of endotoxins. | 1.Source: Gram-
2. Relation to Microbe: Outer Membrane
3. Chemistry: Lipid A
4. Fever?- Yes
5. Neutralized by Antitoxin?- No
6. LD50- Relatively Large
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| Name several MO's that produce endotoxins. | -Salmonella typhi
-Proteus vulgaris
-Neisseria meningitidis
-Haemophilus influenzae
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| are able to evade host defenses by growing inside cells where they can escape components of the immune system, can gain entry into cells b/c their attachment sites mimic subs. useful to those cells, or may attack components of the immune system directly | viruses
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| refers to the visible damage caused by viruses to host cells and are used to diagnose many viral infections (may be cytocidal effects or noncytocidal effects) | Cytopathic effects
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| cause cells own __________ to release enzymes, causing cell lysis | lysosomes
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| which are granules composed of viral parts that can be found in virus-infected cells | inclusion bodies
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| adjacent infected cells fuse to form a ____________, or large, multinucleated cell | syncytium
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| cell may produce ___________ that protects neighboring uninfected cells from infection | interferon
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| Transform cell so it loses _____________ which leads to unregulated cell growth | contact inhibition
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| results in hallucinations or gangrene | ergotism
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| can cause liver cancer and is often found on peanuts or corn | aflatoxin
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| are potent neurotoxins that result from ingestion of certain types of mushrooms | -Phalloidin
-amanitin
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| Protozoa can cause disease symptoms in host due to the _______________ they produce and may rupture host cells or prevent normal functioning of host cells. | Waste
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| may cause disease because they can use the host's nutrients for their own nourishment and grow to be very large, which can damage host tissues. | Helminthes
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| is caused by a helminthic parasite that is transmitted by mosquitoes and block lymphatic circulation which causes grotesque swelling of the legs and other parts of the body | elephantiasis
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| a few species of algae can produce | neurotoxins
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| The 2 most common portals of exit are | respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts
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| or innate immunity refers to defenses against any pathogen, are present at birth, and do not involve any memory response. | Nonspecific resistance
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| adaptive immunity refers to immunity that provides resistance to a specific pathogen and is slower to respond than innate immunity, but does have memory component (involves B and T lymphocytes) | specific resistance
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| the ______ & _______ serve as the body's first line of defense against pathogens and include both __________ & ________________ factors. | -Physical (mechanical) & chemical
-Physical & Chemical
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| The skin in the body's largest organ and consists of the _________ and ___________ and protects against microbes because it is dry and undergoes periodic shedding | dermis & epidermis
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| The goblet cells in the mucous membranes secrete ____________ which prevents the body cavities from drying out and helps trap microbes so that they can be transported away from the lungs | mucus
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| manufactures and drains away tears to help cleanse the surface of the eye | lacrimal apparatus
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| help dilute microbe numbers on teeth and in the mouth | saliva
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| covers the larynx during swallowing | epiglottis
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| removes microbes from the urinary system | urine
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| move microbes out of the female body | vagina secretions
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| expels microbes out of the body | defecation & vomiting
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| What are some chemical defenses of the skin? | -Sebaceous glands (sebum)
-low pH of the skin(skin acidity pH 3-5)
-sweat glands (produce perspiration)
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| a chemical defense factor that is found in perspiration, tears, saliva, and tissue fluids that break chemical bonds | lysozyme
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| destroy the cell walls of bacteria | peptidoglycan
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| a mixture of HCI, enzymes and mucus that has a very low pH of about ___________, which prohibits the growth of many gastrointestinal organisms. | -Gastric juice
-1.2-3
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| are iron binding proteins that inhibit bacterial growth by reducing the amount of available iron for pathogens and also serve as a chemical defense factor | Transferrins
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| When microbes penetrate the first time of defense they encounter a second line of defense that includes defense cells; called ________ cells, which engulf and eliminate pathogens | Phagocytosis
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| Blood consists of fluid called | plasma
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| are the cells (red blood cells, white blood cells) and cell fragments (platelets) suspended in plasma | formed elements
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| Have granules in the cytoplasm | Granulocytes:
-Neutrophils
-Basophils
-Eosinophils
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| Have granules not visible by light microscopy | Agranulocytes:
-Lymphocytes
-Monocytes
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| aka "polymorphonuclear leukocytes" (PMNs); 60-70% of leukocytes; important in phagocytosis | Neutrophils
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| 0.5-1% of leukocytes; release histamine, a factor in inflammation and allergic responses (some phagocytic properties) | Basophils
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| 2-4% of leukocytes, perform some phagocytosis, but mainly attach to helminthic parasites and discharge lethal peroxide ions; increase in numbers during parasitic infections and allergic reactions | Eosinophils
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| 20-25% of WBC population, important to specific immunity; not phagocytic; include B,T, and Natural Killer cells | lymphocytes
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| 3-8% of WBC population: are phagocytic only after maturing into macrophages; also include phagocytic cells called Dendritic cells | monocytes
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| Another second line of defense in _____________ which is how a host responds to tissue damage. It is characterized by redness, pain, heat, swelling, and sometimes loss of function. | Inflammation
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| How can inflammation be beneficial? | -destroy causative agent
-confine or wall it off
-repair or replace damaged tissue
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| The hypothalamus is normally set at ___________, but may rise as result of a fever, which is beneficial in aiding body tissue repair and inhibiting microbial growth (So fever is another second line of defense against pathogens) | 37 degrees Celsius
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| a fever is normally caused by a gram-negative endotoxins that stimulates phagocytic cells to release the cytokines _____________ & ____________, which cause the hypothalamus to increase the body's temperature | interleukin 1 & TNF-a
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| Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas 60, 30, 6, 3 , 1 | N-Neutrophils 60-70%
L-Lymphocytes 20-25%
M-monocytes 3-8%
E-Eosinophils 2-4 %
B-Basophils 0.5-1%
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| a second line of defense system that consists of 30 proteins produced by the liver and found circulating in blood serum | complement system
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| The complement system destroys microbes by: | Cell lysis (by formation of MAC that creates transmembrane channels (holes) in the membrane) inflammation, enhanced phagocytosis (opsonization)
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| are proteins that offer the most important protections against acute viral infections, and are another component of the second -line of defense | interferons
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| are short peptides that have synergistic, broad-spectrum activity, can alter plasma membranes, include cell lysis, an inhibit cell wall synthesis | antimicrobial peptides
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| a substance that causes the body to produce specific antibodies or sensitized T cells | antigen
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| proteins made in response to antigen | antibody
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| involves T lymphocytes, which act against foreign organisms & regulate the activation & proliferation of other immune cells, most effective against bacteria & viruses located withN host cells( intracellular pathogens)as well fungi, protozoans, & helminths | Cell-mediated immunity
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| (CD4+) recognize foreign antigens and activate other immune cells by secreting cytokines | Helper T Cells
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| (CD8+) recognize and kill nonself cells | cytotoxic t cell
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| combat autoimmunity by suppressing T cells that may destroy normal host cells | Regulatory t cell
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| T cells must be activated by ________, which are B cell, dendritic cells, macrophages, or reticular cells that digest antigens and display them in MHC class II molecules | antigen-presenting cells (APC's)
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| antibody-mediated immunity involves the production of antibodies against foreign organisms. | humoral
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| antibodies can cross the placenta and confer passive immunity, neutralize toxins, and their presence indicates immunity against a pathogen acquired in the past | IgG antibodies
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| antibodies are the first antibodies to appear in response to an initial antigen exposure and are large antibodies that can agglutinate antigens | IgM Antibodies
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| antibodies are the most common antibodies in the mucous membranes and secretions and are present in colostrum and help prevent gastrointestinal infections in newborns, | IgA antibodies
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| antibodies function as antigen receptors on the surface of B cells | IgD antibodies
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| antibodies are important during allergic reactions and for the lysis or parasitic worms | IgE Antibodies
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| Name the 5 protective mechanisms of binding anitbodies to antigens | 1.agglutination
2. opsonization
3.neutralization
4.activation of complement
5. antibody-dependent cell- mediated cytotoxicity
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| antibodies are produced in response to an infection | naturally acquired active immunity
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| anitbodies are passed from the mother to the fetus via the placenta or to the infant via the mother's milk | naturally acquired passive immunity
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| antigens are introduced by vaccines and the body produces antibodies in response | artificially acquired active immunity
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| antibodies are injected directly into a person(these antibodies come form an animal or person who is already immune to the diseases) to prevent disease | artificially acquired passive immunity
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| Which of the following is NOT a component of the first-line of defense against disease? -phagocytes -intact skin -mucous membranes -normal microbes -all are components | phagocytes
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| What characterizes the prodromal period of disease? | period of mild symptoms
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| which of the following best describes a systemic infection that began as a local infection? -acute infection -subclinical infection -subacute infection -focal infection -chronic infection | focal infection
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| T/F: A symptom of disease is a change in body function that is felt by a patient | true
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| which type of antibodies serve as receptors on B cells? | IgD
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| T/F: Lymphocytes are phagocytic cells | False
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| Which type of WBC has the lowest percentage in the blood? | Basophils
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| T/F: A latent disease is one in which there is a period of no symptoms when the disease is inactive | True
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| ____________ is a chemical defense factor found in perspiration, tears, saliva, and tissue fluids that breaks chemical bonds in peptidoglycan | Lysozyme
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| which of the following is resistance to parasitic helminths? -Basophil -Eosinophil -Lymphocyte -monocyte -neutrophil | Eosinophil
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| T/F: A disease that is not spread from one host to another is called a communicable disease | False
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| T/F: Septicemia is only caused by bacteria in the bloodstream | False; caused by any pathogen multiplying in the bloodstream (viruses, toxins, etc)
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| T/F: An Epidemic refers to a world wide disease outbreak | false; pandemic
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| Koch Observed Bacillus anthracis multiplying in the blood of cattle. What is this condition called? | Septicemia
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| A sexuallly transmitted diesase is an example of ? | Direct contact
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| T/F: Inflammation is beneficial to confine or wall off an infection | true
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| What is and endemic disease? | Disease constantly present in the population, like the common cold
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| Which of the following conditions is caused by a helminthic parasite that it transmitted by mosquitoes and results in grotesque swelling because it blocks lymphatic circulation? -Tetanus -cholera -scarlet fever -botulinum -elephantiasis | elephantiasis
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| The science that deals with how diseases occur and how they are transmitted is called | epidemiology
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| cytopathic effects are changes in host cells due to | viral infections
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| Which type of anitbodies can cross the placenta and have a half-life of 23 days? | IgG
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| T/F: Collagenases break down fibrin blood clots to allow bacteria to spread throughout the body | False, kinases
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