Microbiology Exam 4 CH. 14, 15, 16 & 17
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| show | Pathology
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| show | pathogenesis
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| show | etiology
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| is the invasion or colonization of the body by pathogenic microorganisms. EX: E.Coli in intestine, harmless, however, can cause UTI if in urinary tract. | show 🗑
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| show | Disease
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| What are normal flora or normal microbiota? | show 🗑
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| show | Transient Microbiota
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| the relationship between normal microbiota and the host is called | show 🗑
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| show | 1-Ocupying space that pathogens might occupy
2-Producing acids
3- producing bacteriocins
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| show | -commensalism
-mutualism
-parasitism
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| show | commensalism
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| both organisms benefit. EX: E.Coli in GI tract assist in vitamin process, benefit both | show 🗑
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| one organism benefits at the expense of the other. | show 🗑
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| show | opportunisitc
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| are live microbes applied to or ingested into the body, intended to exert a beneficial effect, such as the use of lactic acid-producing bacteria to prevent surgical infections caused by S. aureus. | show 🗑
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| KNOW ROBERT KOCH'S 4 POSTULATES!!!! | show 🗑
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| Is a change in body function that is felt by a patient as a result of disease. | show 🗑
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| is an objective change in a body that can be measured or observed as a result of a disease. | show 🗑
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| show | syndrome
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| disease is one that is spread form one host to another, either directly or indirectly. | show 🗑
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| disease is one that is easily spread from one hose to another. | show 🗑
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| show | noncommunicable
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| show | incidnece
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| fraction of a population having a specific disease at a given time | show 🗑
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| disease that occurs occasionally in a population, such as Typhoid fever of cholera | show 🗑
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| disease that is constantly present is a population, such as the common cold. | show 🗑
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| disease acquired by many host in a given area in a short time, such as the influenza virus | show 🗑
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| disease that causes a worldwide epidemic, such as the AIDS virus. | show 🗑
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| show | Acute
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| show | Chronic
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| show | Subacute
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| Disease with a period of no symptoms when disease in inactive microbe can lay dormnet & reappear later due to stress... etc. (Shingles/ varicella virus) | show 🗑
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| infection, such as measles, occurs throughout the body | show 🗑
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| infection is a systemic infection that began as a local infection. | show 🗑
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| also called blood poisoning, refers to the growth of pathogens in the blood. | show 🗑
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| show | bacteremia
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| refers to toxins in the blood | show 🗑
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| show | virema
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| show | primary infeciton
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| show | secondary infection
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| show | subclinical
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| show | -sex (short urethra in females)
-genetics
-climate and weather
-fatigue
-age
-lifestyle
-chemotherapy
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| show | incubation period
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| is characterized by mild symptoms of the disease, | show 🗑
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| show | period of illness
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| show | period of decline
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| show | period of convalescence
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| Reservoirs of infection: -Human: -Animal: -Non-living soil: | show 🗑
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| What are the 3 principle route for transmission of disease from causative agents from the reservoir infection to a susceptible host | show 🗑
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| Can be direct. -Sneeze, hand shake | show 🗑
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| Fomites- nonliving -Money, bedding, | show 🗑
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| Sneez, cough, Via airborne vector -Tick, Mosquito | show 🗑
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| Not washing chicken then cutting veggies | show 🗑
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| Indirect -Fly on food | show 🗑
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| show | Nosocomial (Healthcare-associated infection)
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| show | -Natural evolution
-Inappropriate use of antibiotics or pesticides
-Changes in weather/climate patterns
-Modern transportation
-Ecological disaster, war, expanding human settlement
-Animal control measures
-public health failure
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| show | Epidemiology
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| The ability to cause disease in a host is called | show 🗑
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| show | virulence
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| show | portals of entry
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| easiest and most frequent portal of entry; microbes inhaled into nose or mouth | show 🗑
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| microbes can access through contaminated food and water, but most are destroyed by acids, bile and enzymes in stomach and small intestine | show 🗑
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| show | genitourinary tract
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| largest organ of body and first line of defense against microbes; unbroken skin in virtually impenetrable to most microbes but some can enter through hair follicles, sweat glands, or have enzymes to penetrate skin | show 🗑
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| show | Parenteral route
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| show | Many microbes can only cause disease when they enter through their preferred portal of entry
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| show | LD50
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| show | Adherence
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| show | bioflims
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| show | m. protein
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| show | cell wall
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| Some bacteria contain ____________ that allow them to break open cells, dissolve material between cells, dissolve blood clots, or destroy antibodies | show 🗑
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| enzymes that coagulate the fibrinogen in blood and form a blood clot to protect the bacterium from phagocytosis | show 🗑
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| show | kinase
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| show | Hugaluronidase
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| enzyme that breaks down the collagen framework of muscles and other tissues | show 🗑
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| show | IgA protease
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| the pathogen can alter their surface antigens as a means of evading the host immune system. | show 🗑
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| Bacteria such as Salmonella and E.coli produce proteins called _________ that rearrange actin filaments of the host cell's cytoskeleton, which allows them to penetrate the host cell and move between the cells. | show 🗑
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| show | siderophores
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| show | Cell rupture
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| show | 1.Source- mostly gram +; also some gram -
2.Relation to Microbe- by products of growing cell
3.Chemistry-Protein
4.Fever?- No
5.Neutralized by antitoxin?- Yes
6.LD50-small( enzymation amplification)
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| show | Polypeptides
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| show | membrane-disrupting toxins
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| are membrane-disrupting toxins that kill WBC's | show 🗑
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| are membrane-disrupting toxins that kill RBC's | show 🗑
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| show | superantigens
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| proteins that stimulate of inhibit many cell functions and can produce many symptoms, such as fever, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and even death. | show 🗑
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| show | diphtheria toxin
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| show | erythrogenic toxin
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| produced by Clostridium botulinum and causes flaccid paralysis of muscles b/c toxin inhibits release of acetylcholine | show 🗑
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| show | tetanus toxin
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| produced by Vibrio cholera and is an A-B toxin that binds to epithelial cells of the intestines and causes severe diarrhea and the loss of fluid and electrolytes | show 🗑
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| show | staphylococcal enterotoxin
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| show | 1.Source: Gram-
2. Relation to Microbe: Outer Membrane
3. Chemistry: Lipid A
4. Fever?- Yes
5. Neutralized by Antitoxin?- No
6. LD50- Relatively Large
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| show | -Salmonella typhi
-Proteus vulgaris
-Neisseria meningitidis
-Haemophilus influenzae
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| show | viruses
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| refers to the visible damage caused by viruses to host cells and are used to diagnose many viral infections (may be cytocidal effects or noncytocidal effects) | show 🗑
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| cause cells own __________ to release enzymes, causing cell lysis | show 🗑
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| show | inclusion bodies
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| show | syncytium
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| cell may produce ___________ that protects neighboring uninfected cells from infection | show 🗑
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| Transform cell so it loses _____________ which leads to unregulated cell growth | show 🗑
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| results in hallucinations or gangrene | show 🗑
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| show | aflatoxin
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| are potent neurotoxins that result from ingestion of certain types of mushrooms | show 🗑
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| show | Waste
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| may cause disease because they can use the host's nutrients for their own nourishment and grow to be very large, which can damage host tissues. | show 🗑
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| show | elephantiasis
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| show | neurotoxins
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| show | respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts
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| show | Nonspecific resistance
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| show | specific resistance
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| the ______ & _______ serve as the body's first line of defense against pathogens and include both __________ & ________________ factors. | show 🗑
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| show | dermis & epidermis
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| The goblet cells in the mucous membranes secrete ____________ which prevents the body cavities from drying out and helps trap microbes so that they can be transported away from the lungs | show 🗑
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| show | lacrimal apparatus
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| show | saliva
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| covers the larynx during swallowing | show 🗑
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| show | urine
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| move microbes out of the female body | show 🗑
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| show | defecation & vomiting
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| show | -Sebaceous glands (sebum)
-low pH of the skin(skin acidity pH 3-5)
-sweat glands (produce perspiration)
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| show | lysozyme
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| show | peptidoglycan
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| show | -Gastric juice
-1.2-3
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| show | Transferrins
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| When microbes penetrate the first time of defense they encounter a second line of defense that includes defense cells; called ________ cells, which engulf and eliminate pathogens | show 🗑
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| show | plasma
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| are the cells (red blood cells, white blood cells) and cell fragments (platelets) suspended in plasma | show 🗑
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| Have granules in the cytoplasm | show 🗑
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| Have granules not visible by light microscopy | show 🗑
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| show | Neutrophils
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| show | Basophils
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| 2-4% of leukocytes, perform some phagocytosis, but mainly attach to helminthic parasites and discharge lethal peroxide ions; increase in numbers during parasitic infections and allergic reactions | show 🗑
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| show | lymphocytes
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| 3-8% of WBC population: are phagocytic only after maturing into macrophages; also include phagocytic cells called Dendritic cells | show 🗑
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| Another second line of defense in _____________ which is how a host responds to tissue damage. It is characterized by redness, pain, heat, swelling, and sometimes loss of function. | show 🗑
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| show | -destroy causative agent
-confine or wall it off
-repair or replace damaged tissue
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| The hypothalamus is normally set at ___________, but may rise as result of a fever, which is beneficial in aiding body tissue repair and inhibiting microbial growth (So fever is another second line of defense against pathogens) | show 🗑
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| show | interleukin 1 & TNF-a
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| Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas 60, 30, 6, 3 , 1 | show 🗑
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| show | complement system
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| The complement system destroys microbes by: | show 🗑
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| show | interferons
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| are short peptides that have synergistic, broad-spectrum activity, can alter plasma membranes, include cell lysis, an inhibit cell wall synthesis | show 🗑
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| show | antigen
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| show | antibody
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| involves T lymphocytes, which act against foreign organisms & regulate the activation & proliferation of other immune cells, most effective against bacteria & viruses located withN host cells( intracellular pathogens)as well fungi, protozoans, & helminths | show 🗑
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| (CD4+) recognize foreign antigens and activate other immune cells by secreting cytokines | show 🗑
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| (CD8+) recognize and kill nonself cells | show 🗑
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| show | Regulatory t cell
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| T cells must be activated by ________, which are B cell, dendritic cells, macrophages, or reticular cells that digest antigens and display them in MHC class II molecules | show 🗑
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| show | humoral
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| antibodies can cross the placenta and confer passive immunity, neutralize toxins, and their presence indicates immunity against a pathogen acquired in the past | show 🗑
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| show | IgM Antibodies
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| show | IgA antibodies
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| show | IgD antibodies
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| show | IgE Antibodies
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| show | 1.agglutination
2. opsonization
3.neutralization
4.activation of complement
5. antibody-dependent cell- mediated cytotoxicity
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| antibodies are produced in response to an infection | show 🗑
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| show | naturally acquired passive immunity
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| show | artificially acquired active immunity
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| show | artificially acquired passive immunity
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| Which of the following is NOT a component of the first-line of defense against disease? -phagocytes -intact skin -mucous membranes -normal microbes -all are components | show 🗑
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| What characterizes the prodromal period of disease? | show 🗑
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| show | focal infection
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| show | true
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| show | IgD
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| show | False
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| show | Basophils
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| show | True
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| show | Lysozyme
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| which of the following is resistance to parasitic helminths? -Basophil -Eosinophil -Lymphocyte -monocyte -neutrophil | show 🗑
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| show | False
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| show | False; caused by any pathogen multiplying in the bloodstream (viruses, toxins, etc)
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| T/F: An Epidemic refers to a world wide disease outbreak | show 🗑
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| show | Septicemia
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| show | Direct contact
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| T/F: Inflammation is beneficial to confine or wall off an infection | show 🗑
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| What is and endemic disease? | show 🗑
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| Which of the following conditions is caused by a helminthic parasite that it transmitted by mosquitoes and results in grotesque swelling because it blocks lymphatic circulation? -Tetanus -cholera -scarlet fever -botulinum -elephantiasis | show 🗑
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| The science that deals with how diseases occur and how they are transmitted is called | show 🗑
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| cytopathic effects are changes in host cells due to | show 🗑
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| Which type of anitbodies can cross the placenta and have a half-life of 23 days? | show 🗑
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| T/F: Collagenases break down fibrin blood clots to allow bacteria to spread throughout the body | show 🗑
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| show |
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