Theoretical Foundations Midterm
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| DSM= | Diagnostic and Statistical Manual
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| ICD= | International Classification
of Disease.
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| Early founder of psychoanalytic/ psychodynamic theory? | Freud
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| True or False Few continue to practice psychoanalysis in its originally conceived form. | True
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| Freud’s Topographical Model 3 Parts | Conscious, Preconscious, Unconscious
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| Intellectualization | a defense mech, Individual talks about something
threatening while keeping an emotional distance.
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| Projection | A defense mech, Individual attributes a threatening feeling
or motive he or she is experiencing to another person.
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| Reaction Formation | A defense mech, Individual denies a threatening
feeling and proclaims the opposite.
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| Splitting | A defense mech, Individual attempts to avoid perception of the
other as good from being contaminated by negative feelings, splits the representation of the other into two different images.
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| Transference | Patient responds to therapist based on
past experiences.
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| Countertransference | Therapist responds to patient
based on past experiences.
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| Breur and Freud wrote ____________, with regard to use of hypnosis with patients with hysteria. | Studies on Hysteria
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| Empathy | Conveying emotional understanding
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| Therapeutic Alliance | Partnership between therapist
and patient
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| Emotional complexes | Affectively charged ideas that
are repressed because they are emotionally threatening
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| Id | Instinctual pressures (e.g., aggression and sexual)
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| Ego | Orients us toward the external world (Mediates the
internal and external)
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| Superego | Individual’s moral voice
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| Adlerian Theory was founded by... | Alfred Adler
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| Another term for Adlerian Psychotherapy is ________ _________. | individual psychology
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| True or False Adlerians approach individuals holistically. | True
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| Hard determinism: | “A leads to B”
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| Nondeterminism states that there are no causes, everything is a matter of ______ ______. | free will.
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| Adlerians advocate for _______ ________. | soft determinism.
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| Soft Determinism | Stresses influences, not causes; probabilities, not
certainties.
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| Client-Centered Therapy founded by... | Carl Rogers
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| Client-Centered Therapy is also called? | Also termed as humanistic therapy and
phenomenological therapy
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| Client-Centered Overview 2 parts | A congruent therapist provides unconditional
positive regard and empathy
By providing a therapeutic atmosphere that is real,
caring, and nonjudgmental, the person can develop to
his or her full potential.
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| Client-Centered Therapy is _____ and the client _______ shapes his or her course of therapy. | non-directive, actively
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| Genuineness/congruence | Correspondence between the therapist’s thoughts and
behavior
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| Unconditional positive regard | Therapist’s regard/attitude toward the patient remains
unaltered regardless of the patient’s choices
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| SLE | Self-concept
– At therapy onset, rigid – Improvements correlated with therapy
Locus-of-Evaluation
– Pre-therapy focus on other’s opinions – Progress associated with internal locus-of-evaluation
Experiencing
– Success related to flexibility
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| Experience | It is the private world of the individual.
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| Reality | It refers to the private perceptions of the individual;
social reality consists of perceptions that have a high degree of commonality among individuals.
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| The organisms actualizing tendency | All living organisms are dynamic processes motivated by
an inherent tendency to maintain and enhance themselves.
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| Self-determination theory | It was developed by Deci and Ryan. • Theory focuses on intrinsic motivation. • Theory has lead to several empirical investigations of
the concept.
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| Theory of Psychotherapy | The Core Conditions
– Congruence
– Empathic Understanding of the Client’s Internal Frame
of Reference – Unconditional Positive Regard
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| REBT | Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy
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| REBT was founded by | Albert Ellis
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| According to REBT people have the ability to be both ___ and ___ | rational and irrational
People have the potential to be both
– Rational, self-preserving, creative, functional, and to use
metathought – Irrational, self-destructive, short-range hedonists,
intolerant, and grandiose
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| Ellis often spoke of the S-O-R relationship like a billiards shot. | – If you hit a ball from the same spot, at the same angle,
you will get the same results. – However, if there were a person inside the ball who could control the outcome, then the outcome could be
different each time.
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| Ellis largely believes humans... | create their own distress
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| Behavioral Therapy | aims to change factors in the environment that influence an individual’s behavior as well as the ways in which individuals respond to their environment
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| Behavioral Therapy main features | Focuses on changing behavior • Rooted in empiricism • Assumes behaviors have a function • Emphasizes maintaining factors rather than factors that
may have initially triggered a problem
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| Behavioral Therapy is similar to: | Most Similar
– CBT
– REBT
– Multimodal
– Cognitive
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| Ivan Pavlov | Russian physiologist completed
classical conditioning experiments in
early 1900s • Paired two stimuli so that a neutral
stimulus (e.g., a light or bell)
signaled occurrence of a second non
-neutral stimulus (e.g., food or
shock)
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| John B. Watson | founder of behaviorism • Believed that only observable behaviors should be the
focus of psychology • With Rayner, conducted a classic experiment in which
an infant (Little Albert) learned to fear a white rat after
the rat was paired with a loud noise
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| E. L. Thorndike and B. F. Skinner | • First to describe operant conditioning
– A response is emitted—perhaps randomly at first—and
results in consequences. – Hence, the probability of the response’s future
occurrence is changed.
• Assumes reinforcement and punishment
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| Joseph Wolpe | Systematic desensitization—used to treat phobias and anxiety disorders • The process is as follows:
– Patient is taught relaxation skills– Hierarchy of fears is created. – Patient learns to cope and overcome the fear in each step of the hierarchy.
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| Albert Bandura | Social cognitive theory • Interconnection between stimulus,
reinforcement, and cognition • Critical role of vicarious learning,
cognitions, self-regulation, and
expectations • Person is seen as the agent for
change.
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| Extinction | In operant conditioning, extinction (no response) occurs
when reinforcement is withheld following performance
of a previously reinforced response.
– Example: Children learn to stop throwing tantrums when
the tantrums are no longer reinforced.
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| Discrimination Learning | Involves reinforcing or punishing a response in some
situations but not others so that the response becomes
dependent on the context.
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| Generalization | The occurrence of behavior in situations that resemble
but are different from the stimulus environment in which
the behavior was learned.
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| ACT | Acceptance Commitment Therapy
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| DBT | Dialectical Behavior Therapy
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| Cognitive Therapy | Cognitive therapy aims to adjust information
processing and initiate positive change in all systems
by acting through the cognitive system.
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| Cognitive Therapy Strategies | Collaborative empiricism • Guided discovery • Socratic dialogue • Deactivation of cognitive distortions
– Deactivate them.
– Modify their content and structure.
– Construct more adaptive modes to neutralize them.
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| Cognitive therapy was developed by_______ | Aaron Beck.
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| Cognitive therapy was developed by beck to | Investigate the psychoanalytic
concept of depression as “anger turned inward” and found evidence for negative cognitions
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| Cognitive therapy has a triad of depression including the following | Negative view of • Self • World • Future
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| Controlled studies have shown efficacy of CT with the following: | Depression
– Panic disorder
– Social phobia
– Generalized anxiety disorder
– Substance abuse
– Eating disorders
– Marital problems
– Schizophrenia
– OCD
– PTSD
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| arbitrary inference | Drawing a conclusion without evidence or in the face of contradictory evidence. – Example: A young woman with anorexia nervosa
believes she is fat although she is dying from starvation.
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| selective abstraction | Dwelling on a single negative
detail taken out of context.
– Example: While on a date, you say one thing you wish
you could have said differently and now see the entire evening as a disaster.
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| Overgeneralization | A single negative event is viewed as a never-ending pattern of defeat. Example: Following a job interview, an accountant does not receive the job. He or she begins thinking that he or she will never find a job position despite his or her qualifications.
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| Magnification | The binocular
trick. Things seem bigger or smaller than they are.
– Example: An employee believes that a minor mistake will
lead to being fired. – Example: An alcoholic believes he or she doesn’t have a
problem.
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| Personalization | Assuming personal responsibility for
something for which you are not responsible.
– Often seen in patients who are sexually
abused/assaulted.
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| Dichotomous Thinking | Things are seen as black and
white; there is no gray or middle ground.
– Things are wonderful or awful, good or bad, perfect or a
failure.
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| Mind-reading | Assuming someone is responding
negatively to you without checking it out.
– Example: If your husband is in a bad mood, you assume
it is your fault and don’t ask what is wrong.
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| Fortune Teller | Creating a negative self-fulfilling
prophecy.
– Example: You believe you will fail an exam so you don’t
study and fail.
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| Emotional Reasoning | You assume that your negative feeling results from the fact that things are negative. – Example: If you feel bad, then that means the world or
situation is bad. You don’t consider that your feelings are a misrepresentation of the facts.
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| Should Statements | Use words such as should, must,
ought rather than “it would be preferred” to guilt self.
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| Labeling/mislabeling | Name-calling (such as
“he’s a jerk”) rather than just criticizing the behavior.
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| Collaborative empiricism: | Goal is to demystify therapy
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| Socratic dialogue: | Questioning used to help patient come to their own
conclusions
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| Guided discovery: | Therapist collaborates with patient to develop behavioral
experiments to test hypotheses
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| The 7 Cs of Counseling | 1. Connection 2. Communication 3. Cultural Competence 4. Collaboration and Empowerment 5. Creative Problem-solving 6. Compassion 7. Curiosity
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