| Term or Question | Def or Answer |
| DSM= | Diagnostic and Statistical Manual |
| ICD= | International Classification
of Disease. |
| Early founder of psychoanalytic/ psychodynamic theory? | Freud |
| True or False
Few continue to practice psychoanalysis in its originally
conceived form. | True |
| Freud’s Topographical Model
3 Parts | Conscious, Preconscious, Unconscious |
| Intellectualization | a defense mech, Individual talks about something
threatening while keeping an emotional distance. |
| Projection | A defense mech, Individual attributes a threatening feeling
or motive he or she is experiencing to another person. |
| Reaction Formation | A defense mech, Individual denies a threatening
feeling and proclaims the opposite. |
| Splitting | A defense mech, Individual attempts to avoid perception of the
other as good from being contaminated by negative feelings, splits the representation of the other into two different images. |
| Transference | Patient responds to therapist based on
past experiences. |
| Countertransference | Therapist responds to patient
based on past experiences. |
| Breur and Freud wrote ____________, with regard
to use of hypnosis with patients with hysteria. | Studies on Hysteria |
| Empathy | Conveying emotional understanding |
| Therapeutic Alliance | Partnership between therapist
and patient |
| Emotional complexes | Affectively charged ideas that
are repressed because they are emotionally threatening |
| Id | Instinctual pressures (e.g., aggression and sexual) |
| Ego | Orients us toward the external world (Mediates the
internal and external) |
| Superego | Individual’s moral voice |
| Adlerian Theory was founded by... | Alfred Adler |
| Another term for Adlerian Psychotherapy is ________ _________. | individual psychology |
| True or False
Adlerians approach individuals holistically. | True |
| Hard determinism: | “A leads to B” |
| Nondeterminism states that there are no causes,
everything is a matter of ______ ______. | free will. |
| Adlerians advocate for _______ ________. | soft determinism. |
| Soft Determinism | Stresses influences, not causes; probabilities, not
certainties. |
| Client-Centered Therapy founded by... | Carl Rogers |
| Client-Centered Therapy is also called? | Also termed as humanistic therapy and
phenomenological therapy |
| Client-Centered Overview
2 parts | A congruent therapist provides unconditional
positive regard and empathy
By providing a therapeutic atmosphere that is real,
caring, and nonjudgmental, the person can develop to
his or her full potential. |
| Client-Centered Therapy is _____ and the client _______ shapes his or her course of therapy. | non-directive, actively |
| Genuineness/congruence | Correspondence between the therapist’s thoughts and
behavior |
| Unconditional positive regard | Therapist’s regard/attitude toward the patient remains
unaltered regardless of the patient’s choices |
| SLE | Self-concept
– At therapy onset, rigid – Improvements correlated with therapy
Locus-of-Evaluation
– Pre-therapy focus on other’s opinions – Progress associated with internal locus-of-evaluation
Experiencing
– Success related to flexibility |
| Experience | It is the private world of the individual. |
| Reality | It refers to the private perceptions of the individual;
social reality consists of perceptions that have a high degree of commonality among individuals. |
| The organisms actualizing tendency | All living organisms are dynamic processes motivated by
an inherent tendency to maintain and enhance themselves. |
| Self-determination theory | It was developed by Deci and Ryan. • Theory focuses on intrinsic motivation. • Theory has lead to several empirical investigations of
the concept. |
| Theory of Psychotherapy | The Core Conditions
– Congruence
– Empathic Understanding of the Client’s Internal Frame
of Reference – Unconditional Positive Regard |
| REBT | Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy |
| REBT was founded by | Albert Ellis |
| According to REBT people have the ability to be both ___ and ___ | rational and irrational
People have the potential to be both
– Rational, self-preserving, creative, functional, and to use
metathought – Irrational, self-destructive, short-range hedonists,
intolerant, and grandiose |
| Ellis often spoke of the S-O-R relationship like a
billiards shot. | – If you hit a ball from the same spot, at the same angle,
you will get the same results. – However, if there were a person inside the ball who could control the outcome, then the outcome could be
different each time. |
| Ellis largely believes humans... | create their own distress |
| Behavioral Therapy | aims to change factors in the environment that influence an individual’s behavior as well as the ways in which individuals respond to their environment |
| Behavioral Therapy main features | Focuses on changing behavior • Rooted in empiricism • Assumes behaviors have a function • Emphasizes maintaining factors rather than factors that
may have initially triggered a problem |
| Behavioral Therapy is similar to: | Most Similar
– CBT
– REBT
– Multimodal
– Cognitive |
| Ivan Pavlov | Russian physiologist completed
classical conditioning experiments in
early 1900s • Paired two stimuli so that a neutral
stimulus (e.g., a light or bell)
signaled occurrence of a second non
-neutral stimulus (e.g., food or
shock) |
| John B. Watson | founder of behaviorism • Believed that only observable behaviors should be the
focus of psychology • With Rayner, conducted a classic experiment in which
an infant (Little Albert) learned to fear a white rat after
the rat was paired with a loud noise |
| E. L. Thorndike and B. F. Skinner | • First to describe operant conditioning
– A response is emitted—perhaps randomly at first—and
results in consequences. – Hence, the probability of the response’s future
occurrence is changed.
• Assumes reinforcement and punishment |
| Joseph Wolpe | Systematic desensitization—used to treat phobias and anxiety disorders • The process is as follows:
– Patient is taught relaxation skills– Hierarchy of fears is created. – Patient learns to cope and overcome the fear in each step of the hierarchy. |
| Albert Bandura | Social cognitive theory • Interconnection between stimulus,
reinforcement, and cognition • Critical role of vicarious learning,
cognitions, self-regulation, and
expectations • Person is seen as the agent for
change. |
| Extinction | In operant conditioning, extinction (no response) occurs
when reinforcement is withheld following performance
of a previously reinforced response.
– Example: Children learn to stop throwing tantrums when
the tantrums are no longer reinforced. |
| Discrimination Learning | Involves reinforcing or punishing a response in some
situations but not others so that the response becomes
dependent on the context. |
| Generalization | The occurrence of behavior in situations that resemble
but are different from the stimulus environment in which
the behavior was learned. |
| ACT | Acceptance Commitment Therapy |
| DBT | Dialectical Behavior Therapy |
| Cognitive Therapy | Cognitive therapy aims to adjust information
processing and initiate positive change in all systems
by acting through the cognitive system. |
| Cognitive Therapy Strategies | Collaborative empiricism • Guided discovery • Socratic dialogue • Deactivation of cognitive distortions
– Deactivate them.
– Modify their content and structure.
– Construct more adaptive modes to neutralize them. |
| Cognitive therapy was developed by_______ | Aaron Beck. |
| Cognitive therapy was developed by beck to | Investigate the psychoanalytic
concept of depression as “anger turned inward” and found evidence for negative cognitions |
| Cognitive therapy has a triad of depression including the following | Negative view of • Self • World • Future |
| Controlled studies have shown efficacy of CT with the
following: | Depression
– Panic disorder
– Social phobia
– Generalized anxiety disorder
– Substance abuse
– Eating disorders
– Marital problems
– Schizophrenia
– OCD
– PTSD |
| arbitrary inference | Drawing a conclusion without evidence or in the face of contradictory evidence. – Example: A young woman with anorexia nervosa
believes she is fat although she is dying from starvation. |
| selective abstraction | Dwelling on a single negative
detail taken out of context.
– Example: While on a date, you say one thing you wish
you could have said differently and now see the entire evening as a disaster. |
| Overgeneralization | A single negative event is viewed as a never-ending pattern of defeat. Example: Following a job interview, an accountant does not receive the job. He or she begins thinking that he or she will never find a job position despite his or her qualifications. |
| Magnification | The binocular
trick. Things seem bigger or smaller than they are.
– Example: An employee believes that a minor mistake will
lead to being fired. – Example: An alcoholic believes he or she doesn’t have a
problem. |
| Personalization | Assuming personal responsibility for
something for which you are not responsible.
– Often seen in patients who are sexually
abused/assaulted. |
| Dichotomous Thinking | Things are seen as black and
white; there is no gray or middle ground.
– Things are wonderful or awful, good or bad, perfect or a
failure. |
| Mind-reading | Assuming someone is responding
negatively to you without checking it out.
– Example: If your husband is in a bad mood, you assume
it is your fault and don’t ask what is wrong. |
| Fortune Teller | Creating a negative self-fulfilling
prophecy.
– Example: You believe you will fail an exam so you don’t
study and fail. |
| Emotional Reasoning | You assume that your negative feeling results from the fact that things are negative. – Example: If you feel bad, then that means the world or
situation is bad. You don’t consider that your feelings are a misrepresentation of the facts. |
| Should Statements | Use words such as should, must,
ought rather than “it would be preferred” to guilt self. |
| Labeling/mislabeling | Name-calling (such as
“he’s a jerk”) rather than just criticizing the behavior. |
| Collaborative empiricism: | Goal is to demystify therapy |
| Socratic dialogue: | Questioning used to help patient come to their own
conclusions |
| Guided discovery: | Therapist collaborates with patient to develop behavioral
experiments to test hypotheses |
| The 7 Cs of Counseling | 1. Connection 2. Communication 3. Cultural Competence 4. Collaboration and Empowerment 5. Creative Problem-solving 6. Compassion 7. Curiosity |
