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TF Midterm
Theoretical Foundations Midterm
| Term or Question | Def or Answer |
|---|---|
| DSM= | Diagnostic and Statistical Manual |
| ICD= | International Classification of Disease. |
| Early founder of psychoanalytic/ psychodynamic theory? | Freud |
| True or False Few continue to practice psychoanalysis in its originally conceived form. | True |
| Freud’s Topographical Model 3 Parts | Conscious, Preconscious, Unconscious |
| Intellectualization | a defense mech, Individual talks about something threatening while keeping an emotional distance. |
| Projection | A defense mech, Individual attributes a threatening feeling or motive he or she is experiencing to another person. |
| Reaction Formation | A defense mech, Individual denies a threatening feeling and proclaims the opposite. |
| Splitting | A defense mech, Individual attempts to avoid perception of the other as good from being contaminated by negative feelings, splits the representation of the other into two different images. |
| Transference | Patient responds to therapist based on past experiences. |
| Countertransference | Therapist responds to patient based on past experiences. |
| Breur and Freud wrote ____________, with regard to use of hypnosis with patients with hysteria. | Studies on Hysteria |
| Empathy | Conveying emotional understanding |
| Therapeutic Alliance | Partnership between therapist and patient |
| Emotional complexes | Affectively charged ideas that are repressed because they are emotionally threatening |
| Id | Instinctual pressures (e.g., aggression and sexual) |
| Ego | Orients us toward the external world (Mediates the internal and external) |
| Superego | Individual’s moral voice |
| Adlerian Theory was founded by... | Alfred Adler |
| Another term for Adlerian Psychotherapy is ________ _________. | individual psychology |
| True or False Adlerians approach individuals holistically. | True |
| Hard determinism: | “A leads to B” |
| Nondeterminism states that there are no causes, everything is a matter of ______ ______. | free will. |
| Adlerians advocate for _______ ________. | soft determinism. |
| Soft Determinism | Stresses influences, not causes; probabilities, not certainties. |
| Client-Centered Therapy founded by... | Carl Rogers |
| Client-Centered Therapy is also called? | Also termed as humanistic therapy and phenomenological therapy |
| Client-Centered Overview 2 parts | A congruent therapist provides unconditional positive regard and empathy By providing a therapeutic atmosphere that is real, caring, and nonjudgmental, the person can develop to his or her full potential. |
| Client-Centered Therapy is _____ and the client _______ shapes his or her course of therapy. | non-directive, actively |
| Genuineness/congruence | Correspondence between the therapist’s thoughts and behavior |
| Unconditional positive regard | Therapist’s regard/attitude toward the patient remains unaltered regardless of the patient’s choices |
| SLE | Self-concept – At therapy onset, rigid – Improvements correlated with therapy Locus-of-Evaluation – Pre-therapy focus on other’s opinions – Progress associated with internal locus-of-evaluation Experiencing – Success related to flexibility |
| Experience | It is the private world of the individual. |
| Reality | It refers to the private perceptions of the individual; social reality consists of perceptions that have a high degree of commonality among individuals. |
| The organisms actualizing tendency | All living organisms are dynamic processes motivated by an inherent tendency to maintain and enhance themselves. |
| Self-determination theory | It was developed by Deci and Ryan. • Theory focuses on intrinsic motivation. • Theory has lead to several empirical investigations of the concept. |
| Theory of Psychotherapy | The Core Conditions – Congruence – Empathic Understanding of the Client’s Internal Frame of Reference – Unconditional Positive Regard |
| REBT | Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy |
| REBT was founded by | Albert Ellis |
| According to REBT people have the ability to be both ___ and ___ | rational and irrational People have the potential to be both – Rational, self-preserving, creative, functional, and to use metathought – Irrational, self-destructive, short-range hedonists, intolerant, and grandiose |
| Ellis often spoke of the S-O-R relationship like a billiards shot. | – If you hit a ball from the same spot, at the same angle, you will get the same results. – However, if there were a person inside the ball who could control the outcome, then the outcome could be different each time. |
| Ellis largely believes humans... | create their own distress |
| Behavioral Therapy | aims to change factors in the environment that influence an individual’s behavior as well as the ways in which individuals respond to their environment |
| Behavioral Therapy main features | Focuses on changing behavior • Rooted in empiricism • Assumes behaviors have a function • Emphasizes maintaining factors rather than factors that may have initially triggered a problem |
| Behavioral Therapy is similar to: | Most Similar – CBT – REBT – Multimodal – Cognitive |
| Ivan Pavlov | Russian physiologist completed classical conditioning experiments in early 1900s • Paired two stimuli so that a neutral stimulus (e.g., a light or bell) signaled occurrence of a second non -neutral stimulus (e.g., food or shock) |
| John B. Watson | founder of behaviorism • Believed that only observable behaviors should be the focus of psychology • With Rayner, conducted a classic experiment in which an infant (Little Albert) learned to fear a white rat after the rat was paired with a loud noise |
| E. L. Thorndike and B. F. Skinner | • First to describe operant conditioning – A response is emitted—perhaps randomly at first—and results in consequences. – Hence, the probability of the response’s future occurrence is changed. • Assumes reinforcement and punishment |
| Joseph Wolpe | Systematic desensitization—used to treat phobias and anxiety disorders • The process is as follows: – Patient is taught relaxation skills– Hierarchy of fears is created. – Patient learns to cope and overcome the fear in each step of the hierarchy. |
| Albert Bandura | Social cognitive theory • Interconnection between stimulus, reinforcement, and cognition • Critical role of vicarious learning, cognitions, self-regulation, and expectations • Person is seen as the agent for change. |
| Extinction | In operant conditioning, extinction (no response) occurs when reinforcement is withheld following performance of a previously reinforced response. – Example: Children learn to stop throwing tantrums when the tantrums are no longer reinforced. |
| Discrimination Learning | Involves reinforcing or punishing a response in some situations but not others so that the response becomes dependent on the context. |
| Generalization | The occurrence of behavior in situations that resemble but are different from the stimulus environment in which the behavior was learned. |
| ACT | Acceptance Commitment Therapy |
| DBT | Dialectical Behavior Therapy |
| Cognitive Therapy | Cognitive therapy aims to adjust information processing and initiate positive change in all systems by acting through the cognitive system. |
| Cognitive Therapy Strategies | Collaborative empiricism • Guided discovery • Socratic dialogue • Deactivation of cognitive distortions – Deactivate them. – Modify their content and structure. – Construct more adaptive modes to neutralize them. |
| Cognitive therapy was developed by_______ | Aaron Beck. |
| Cognitive therapy was developed by beck to | Investigate the psychoanalytic concept of depression as “anger turned inward” and found evidence for negative cognitions |
| Cognitive therapy has a triad of depression including the following | Negative view of • Self • World • Future |
| Controlled studies have shown efficacy of CT with the following: | Depression – Panic disorder – Social phobia – Generalized anxiety disorder – Substance abuse – Eating disorders – Marital problems – Schizophrenia – OCD – PTSD |
| arbitrary inference | Drawing a conclusion without evidence or in the face of contradictory evidence. – Example: A young woman with anorexia nervosa believes she is fat although she is dying from starvation. |
| selective abstraction | Dwelling on a single negative detail taken out of context. – Example: While on a date, you say one thing you wish you could have said differently and now see the entire evening as a disaster. |
| Overgeneralization | A single negative event is viewed as a never-ending pattern of defeat. Example: Following a job interview, an accountant does not receive the job. He or she begins thinking that he or she will never find a job position despite his or her qualifications. |
| Magnification | The binocular trick. Things seem bigger or smaller than they are. – Example: An employee believes that a minor mistake will lead to being fired. – Example: An alcoholic believes he or she doesn’t have a problem. |
| Personalization | Assuming personal responsibility for something for which you are not responsible. – Often seen in patients who are sexually abused/assaulted. |
| Dichotomous Thinking | Things are seen as black and white; there is no gray or middle ground. – Things are wonderful or awful, good or bad, perfect or a failure. |
| Mind-reading | Assuming someone is responding negatively to you without checking it out. – Example: If your husband is in a bad mood, you assume it is your fault and don’t ask what is wrong. |
| Fortune Teller | Creating a negative self-fulfilling prophecy. – Example: You believe you will fail an exam so you don’t study and fail. |
| Emotional Reasoning | You assume that your negative feeling results from the fact that things are negative. – Example: If you feel bad, then that means the world or situation is bad. You don’t consider that your feelings are a misrepresentation of the facts. |
| Should Statements | Use words such as should, must, ought rather than “it would be preferred” to guilt self. |
| Labeling/mislabeling | Name-calling (such as “he’s a jerk”) rather than just criticizing the behavior. |
| Collaborative empiricism: | Goal is to demystify therapy |
| Socratic dialogue: | Questioning used to help patient come to their own conclusions |
| Guided discovery: | Therapist collaborates with patient to develop behavioral experiments to test hypotheses |
| The 7 Cs of Counseling | 1. Connection 2. Communication 3. Cultural Competence 4. Collaboration and Empowerment 5. Creative Problem-solving 6. Compassion 7. Curiosity |
Created by:
Jenna.neece
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