M (ASCP) EXAM
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| Is widely distributed in the external environment. It may be found in 20 to 40% of the anterior nares of human adults. It also colonizes the skin, particularly in intertriginous areas such as the groin and axilla, and may be found in the vaginal canal | show 🗑
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| Was discovered more than 100 years ago by Hans Christian Gram. Crystal violet-primary stain. Gram's iodine-mordant to fix the dye. GP Bacteria retain the dye in cell wall. Acid alcohol-decolorizer. GN bacteria stain red Safranin-counterstain. | show 🗑
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| show | Acridine orange
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| Catalase, Coagulase, Dnase, PYR, Nonmotile, Salt tolerance all + | show 🗑
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| Penicillin and cephalosporin (1st generation) | show 🗑
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| Is the most frequently isolated coagulase-negative staphylococci from human sources. | show 🗑
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| Does not ferment mannitol, produces alkaline phosphatase, produces positive reactions for acetoin (Voges Proskauer), reduces nitrates to nitrites, and hydrolyzes urea. Acid is produced from maltose, fructose, sucrose, and mannose. | show 🗑
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| show | Drug of choice for Staphylococcus epidermidis
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| show | Staphylococcus saprophyticus
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| Has its natural habitat as part of the normal nasal and skin flora of various domestic animals, including dogs, cats, and horses. It is the most common coagulase-positive Staphylococcus species recovered from the skin of dogs. | show 🗑
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| Resistance to novobiocin is a key feature used in the presumptive identification of | show 🗑
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| show | Streptococcus pyogenes
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| show | Poststreptococcal
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| show | Group A streptococci
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| Group B-specific antigen. Metabolism is fermentative with lactic acid produced as the chief end product. Narrow zone of beta hemolysis. + cAMP reaction/ hydrolyzes NA hippurate | show 🗑
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| Infections include meningitis, pneumonia, polynephritis, sepsis including endocarditis/in women, puerperal infection assctd w/ abortion and premature labor. Neonatal sepsis and meningitis | show 🗑
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| show | S. pyo
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| show | S. agalactiae
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| show | Group D streptococci
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| show | Strep pnuemo
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| Alpha hemolytic and smooth, moist, or mucoid/"checker piece" appearance/ susceptibile to either bile or ethylhydrocupreine hydrochloride (Optochin) | show 🗑
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| show | Strep pnuemo
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| Is the most important agent of diarrheal disease in humans. | show 🗑
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| show | C. jejuni
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| Is infrequently recovered from human sources but is an important cause of infective abortion in cattle and sheep. It can be recovered from the placentas and stomach contents of the fetuses of aborted sheep and cattle. | show 🗑
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| Human infections that have been reported virtually always affect an individual who is debilitated, has compromised immune function, has a neoplastic disease, or has a chronic underlying disorder such as renal or hepatic failure. | show 🗑
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| show | C. fetus
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| show | Drug of choice for C. fetus and C. jejuni
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| Is one of several spiral-shaped bacteria that have been observed in gastric secretions. Can be recovered from the GI tract of humans and a variety of domestic and wild animals, including several species of birds. | show 🗑
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| show | Helicobacter pylori
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| + rxns may be observed in as little as 1 hour. Cultures are not frequently attempted to establish a diagnosis. | show 🗑
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| Incubation environments with reduced O (5-10%), increased CO2 (5-10%), and increased H (5-10%) at 37°C are the optimum conditions. Although selective "campy" agar may be used, a formulation devoid of cephalothin is necessary. | show 🗑
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| Can be suspected when GNDC or D-CB are observed in Gram stains. MacConkey growth (pinkish tinge). Lack of motility, absence of cytochrome oxidase activity, inability to reduce nitrates to nitrites, and resistance to penicillin. | show 🗑
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| show | Acinetobacter baumannii
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| Carbenicillin, Cephalosporin 2nd or 3rd, Gentamicin, Tetracycline, SXT | show 🗑
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| show | Alcaligenes faecalis
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| Exist in soil and water/ Blood, sputum, and urine are the most common sources and are often associated with nosocomial infections, nebulizers, respirators, and lavage fluids. | show 🗑
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| Exist in soil and water/ Blood, sputum, and urine are the most common sources and are often associated with nosocomial infections, nebulizers, respirators, and lavage fluids. | show 🗑
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| show | Drug of choice for Alcaligenes faecalis
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| Inhabiting the epithelial cells in the upper respiratory tract only of man, to which the bacterial cells attach, invade, and survive. Highly contagious, transmitted from human to human via contaminated airborne respiratory droplets. | show 🗑
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| Apple-green fluorescing using the direct Ab fluorescent test. Potato-based Bordet Gengou (BG) agar; or, charcoal horse blood agar of Regan Lowe. | show 🗑
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| Each neutralize the effects of the fatty acids, metalic ions, and peroxidases also contained in the media. Growth require 2 - 4 days/ 35o C. 1-2 mm in diameter, entire, dome-shaped, gray and shiny, resembling drops of mercury. GNCB/ pleomorphic in older c | show 🗑
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| Produces cytochrome oxidase and catalase (weakly), is non-motile (possesses no flagella) | show 🗑
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| show | Drug of choice Bordetella pertussis
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| show | Brucella melitensis (sheep, goats)
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| Is worldwide in distribution, and its virulence is mild to moderate. | show 🗑
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| show | B. suis (swine)
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| Cause undulant fever (Bang's disease)/grow slowly in culture/brucella agar or chocolate agar. Recovery in blood cultures is slow. Very small GNCB/ rapid urease reaction (1 hour on Christensen's urea agar). | show 🗑
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| Ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, streptomycin | show 🗑
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| Produces yellow-green colonies/ fruity odor,Mac agar, is oxidase +, and asaccharolytic, hydrolysis of DNA, gelatin, and urea, and (-) reactions for indole, nitrate reduction, and hydrolysis of esculin and ONPG/ resistant to polymyxin B. | show 🗑
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| Isolates have been reported from wounds, sputum, blood, and commonly from urine. necrotizing fasciitis and septicemia | show 🗑
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| show | Francisella tularensis
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| show | Francisella tularensis
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| show | Legionella species
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| show | L. pneumophila
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| Is the species most commonly associated with classic legionellosis.The most common manifestation is pneumonia. A milder form of the disease, Pontiac fever, presents as an influenza-like syndrome w/out sequelae and with few complications. | show 🗑
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| Gray-white, smooth, opaque on BAP and choc, appear as small GNCBPR/ catalase and oxidase +. Asaccharolytic, strong DNase actvty, and the prodtn of beta lactamase/ separated from Neisseria species by hydrolysis of ester-linked butyrate groups (tributyrin) | show 🗑
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| Contains supplements rich in cysteine, other aa, vit, hematin, and purines that are required for growth. It also contains antibiotics such as vancomycin, trimethoprim, and nystatin among others to enable recovery of N. gonorrhoeae from mixed cultures. | show 🗑
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| show | N. gonorrhoeae
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| Glucose (+) Maltose (+)(Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome | show 🗑
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| show | N. lactamica
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| Is most commonly isolated from urethral specimens, where it exists as a commensal/ similar to Moraxella species in being oxidase (+), nonmotile, and coccobacillary. Most strains grow on Mac, and(asaccharolytic). | show 🗑
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| show | Oligella urethralis
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| show | O. ureolytica
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| show | O. ureolytica
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| show | O. ureolytica
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| Is a plant pathogen primarily causing onion bulb rot. It can be recovered from a wide variety of water sources, and in the hospital environment may be found on wet surfaces or where water accumulates, such as in nebulizer and bronchoscopy tubing, in irrig | show 🗑
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| show | B. cepacia
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| Trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole is the drug of choice for the treatment of infections with this organism. | show 🗑
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| Can be recovered from H2O n soil sources n often is found in various moist hospital environments, tracheostomies, in-dwelling catheters, burns, and weeping cutaneous wounds. The exudation of blue pus with a grape-like odor is characteristic. | show 🗑
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| Straight or slightly curved, slender, GNR. They are motile via polar flagella, r strict aerobes, n utilize carbs oxidatvly n never fermentatively. The temp range of growth for various strains extends from 4-43 deg Celsius. The cytochrome oxidase rxn is +. | show 🗑
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| Produce H@S, a characteristic helpful in diffn it from C. koseri, which is H2S (-). differentiated from certain closely related Salmonella species by failure to decarboxylate lysine decarboxylase, hydrolyzing ONPG, and the ability to grow in KCN. | show 🗑
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| show | C. koseri
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| Growth observed on HE after 36 hrs incubation at 35°C. The colonies r entire, convex, smooth to shiny, and distinctly green, showing no evidence of the yellow pigmentn indicatin lactose fermentation. Some have black central pigmentn indicatn H2S prodctn. | show 🗑
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| show | Escherichia coli
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| "dirty" gray on bap/produce a + spot indole test and dry pink-red colonies on Mac. The id confirmed by demonstrtin an acid slant/acid butt rxn on Kligler iron agar (fermenter), a + methyl red rxn, - Voges Proskauer, and - citrate utilizatn test results. | show 🗑
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| heat-labile or heat-stable enterotoxins are produced, resulting in a watery diarrhea similar to that produced by Vibrios cholerae. | show 🗑
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| show | Enteropathogenic strains
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| penetration of the intestinal mucosa by the bacterial cells results in an inflammatory diarrhea similar to that produced by Shigella species. Blood, mucous, and segmented neutrophils are observed in fecal smears. | show 🗑
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| show | Enterohemorrhagic strains:
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| show | Enterohemorrhagic strains:
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| show | K. pneumoniae
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| Infectns r most severe in persons with underlying diseases such as alcoholism, diabetes mellitus, n chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Pleuritis, Urinary tract infections, meningitis(in infants), n septicemia | show 🗑
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| Can be suspected in culture when large, mucoid colonies are recovered on 1. isolatn media. On Mac colonies are large, distinctly mucoid, n have a red pigmentatn that diffuses into the surroundin med. This pigment productn is abundant acid from lactose. | show 🗑
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| show | Klebsiella
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| An indole-positive variant of K. pneumoniae, is found primarily in the gastrointestinal tract of humans and animals but also may be recovered from vegetative matter and aquatic environments | show 🗑
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| Morganella morganii can be found in the feces of humans, dogs, other mammals, and reptiles. It serves as a secondary pathogen in cases of urinary tract, respiratory tract, and wound infections. | show 🗑
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| The combination characteristics of citrate negative, failure to produce hydrogen sulfide, and decarboxylation of ornithine | show 🗑
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| show | Proteus mirabilis
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| show | Proteus mirabilis
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| show | P. vulgaris
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| primarily recovered from the feces of humans, both with and without a diarrheal syndrome, with secondary spread to the urinary tract, wounds, and burns, where they cause infrequent infections. | show 🗑
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| Needs >100,000 for infection, H2S +, Lysine +, Indole -, Urea - | show 🗑
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| show | S. cholerasius
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| show | S. typhi
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| show | S. arizona
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| Red pigment/ DNase, gelatinase + | show 🗑
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| (D) Most common/ has its natural habitat in the fecal content of humans. Infections occur following ingestion of contaminated food or water/ Lactose -, nonmotile, anaerogenic | show 🗑
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| Group A most severe | show 🗑
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| Group B | show 🗑
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| show | S. boydii
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| show | Yersinia pestis
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| acute mesenteric lymphadenitis and "pseudotubercules | show 🗑
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| Growth room temp and cold enrichment | show 🗑
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| show | Aeromonas
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| 6.5-7.5 pH | show 🗑
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| 5.0-6.0 pH | show 🗑
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| show | Lag phase
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| Active reproduction | show 🗑
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| show | Stationary phase
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| Dead cells exced new cells | show 🗑
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| "Chinese Letters"; Metachromatic granules (Loeffler's Slants); tellurite hydrolysis (tinsdale agar); elek test determines toxin prod | show 🗑
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| Tumbling motility at 25C, but not 37C; cold enrichment, neonatal menigitis and sepsis, sepsis in immunocomp hosts | show 🗑
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| show | Erysipelothrix
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| Ground glass hemolytic colonies; non hemolytic, nonmotile, medusa head colonies, long bamboo shoots | show 🗑
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| Ground glass hemolytic colonies; food poisioning, enterotoxin, beta hemolytic | show 🗑
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| Long filamentous GNR w/ pleomorphic/ puffball or string of pearl colonies in thio broth/ rate bite fever haverhill fever/ acitic sample needed/ sps inhibits | show 🗑
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| show | actinobacillus
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| bleachy odor, pits agar, 3 zones of growth, peridontal and jaw abscesses | show 🗑
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| needs 5-10% co2 or anaerobic conditions, gliding motility, fusiform shape; bacteremia | show 🗑
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| show | haemophilus aprophilus
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| show | cardiobacterium
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| clue cells; 10% koh added to discharge= fishy odor | show 🗑
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| show | haemophilus
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| schoolof fish, genital ulcers | show 🗑
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| growth on BCYE, legionaires disease | show 🗑
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| show | mycoplasma/ureaplasma
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| show | m. pneumoniae
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| show | bacteroides fragilis
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| gn ana pits agar, urease + | show 🗑
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| gn ana, thin, fusiform rod, speckled col | show 🗑
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| show | fusobacterium necrophorum
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| show | fusobacterium mortiferum
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| gp ana, pseudomembranous colitis, CCFA agar, horse stable odor, spore former | show 🗑
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| gp ana, double zone of hemolysis, lecthinase +, gas gangrene, spores seldom observed | show 🗑
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| gp ana,terminal spores, racquet shaped, tetanus | show 🗑
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| show | actinomyces israelii
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| show | p. anaaerobius
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| show | r. akari
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| show | coxiella burnetti
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| typhus fever, louse | show 🗑
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| show | r. rickettsiae
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| show | r. typhi
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| show | mycobacterium tuberculosis
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| environmental org, cause pulmonary disease, disseminated disease, infect immunocomp patients, nonpigmented on LJ, id by nucleic acid probes | show 🗑
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| causes leprosy (hansen disease), infects skin, mucous membranes, nerves, causes a progressive disease that is treatable, grows best in armadillo footpads | show 🗑
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| Prescence of viral ab of ag | show 🗑
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| Molecular cloning of a specific DNA sequence/ if viral ab unknown matches clone, the viral id is confirmed | show 🗑
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| Method in which nucleic acid seq can be amplified in vitro/ carried out in cycles, each doubling the amount of desired nucleic acid product | show 🗑
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| show | flavivirus
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| pulmonary syndrome, hemorrhagic fever, rodent-borne | show 🗑
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| show | Hepatitis A virus (HAV)
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| show | Hepatitis c Virus (HAC)
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| measles, more serious in adults than in children | show 🗑
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| show | poliovirus
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| show | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv)
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| show | rhabdovirus
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| show | rhinovirus
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| acute infectious infantile diarrhea, can cause death in infants | show 🗑
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| show | rubivirus
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| respiratory infections | show 🗑
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| show | epstein-barr virus
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| ribbon-like aseptate hyphae; sexual and asexual | show 🗑
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| septate, sexual and asexual, produce asci | show 🗑
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| septate; sexual, mushrooms,club fungi | show 🗑
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| fungi imperfecti, no sexual stage, many common pathogens | show 🗑
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| simialar to SAB, inhibits some candida and crytococcus, aspergilluis fumigatus and pseudallescheria | show 🗑
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| show | bird seed agar
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| candida albicans (chlamydoconidia) | show 🗑
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| tinea (mostly in children), hair and skin, hair fluoresces, microconidia (small club-shaped), macroconidia (many, rough, spindle-shaped (except m.audouinii) | show 🗑
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| rare distorted macroconidia, terminal chlamydoconidia | show 🗑
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| show | microsporum canis
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| thin walled macroconidia | show 🗑
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| mostly in adults; hair skin and nails; no fluorescing hairs | show 🗑
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| urease +. rose-brown reverse | show 🗑
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| show | trichophyton rubrum
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| black dot ringworm, balloon forms, yellow red reverse | show 🗑
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| feet, hands, and groin; macroconidia (large, smooth, club-shaped, found in singles or clusters at end of hyphae, 2-4 septa), olive green or khaki color | show 🗑
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| show | histoplasma capsulatum
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| along oh, ms valley n appalachia, may cause skin lesions, yeast (broad based bud, double-contoured wall), mycelial (lollipop forms) | show 🗑
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| desert southwest and semiarid regions, yeast (spherules containing endospores), mycelial (alternatively staining arthroconidia) | show 🗑
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| south american blastomycosis, simulates tb, cutaneous lesions, yeast (multiple buds "mariner wheel"), mold (similar to lollipop forms) | show 🗑
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| found in dirt and on plants (rose gardener's mycosis), yeast (cigar bodies), mold (delicate hyphae with ovoid conidia along side or in rosettte heads) | show 🗑
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| show | candida albicans
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| germ tube -, forms structure between tube and spore | show 🗑
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| show | geotrichum
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| budding from both corners of arthroconidia urease + | show 🗑
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| show | candida (torulopsis) glabrata
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| urease +, brown colonies on birdseed agar, india ink | show 🗑
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| small extracellular yeast | show 🗑
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| show | histoplasma capsulatum
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| yeast with pseudoyphae | show 🗑
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| show | blastomyces dermatiditis
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| large yeast with multiple buds | show 🗑
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| show | coccidioides immitis
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| green or blue-green colonies; branching or penicillus head, sterigmata blunt | show 🗑
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| delicate hyphae, elippticak conidia with appearance of brain surface | show 🗑
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| show | fusarium
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| show | aspergillus
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| show | aspergillus fumigatus
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| show | aspergillus flavus
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| show | aspergillus niger
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| Dog hookworm | show 🗑
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| show | ancylostoma duodenale
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| large intestinal roundworm | show 🗑
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| show | clonorchis sinensis
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| show | diphyllobothrium latum
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| show | echinococcus granulosus
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| show | enterobius vermicularis
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| show | fasciolopsis buski
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| show | fasciola hepatica
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| rate tapeworm | show 🗑
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| show | hymenolepsis nana
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| show | loa loa
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| show | necator americanus
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| blinding worm | show 🗑
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| show | paragonimus westermani
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| show | schistosoma haematobium
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| oriental blood fluke | show 🗑
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| show | schistosoma mansoni
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| threadworm | show 🗑
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| beef tapeworm | show 🗑
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| show | taenia solium
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| dog/cat ascarid | show 🗑
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| whipworm | show 🗑
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