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Human Development

Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in each of the black spaces below before clicking on it to display the answer.
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Question
Answer
show Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood  
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What happens to children's weight around age 3?   show
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show 2 to 3 inches  
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show 4 to 6 per year  
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What 2 things progress making children stronger?   show
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show Cartilage turns to bone at a faster rate, bones become harder.  
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show A wide range of motor skills.  
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show Respiratory, circulatory.  
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The developing _ keeps children healthier.   show
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show Good nutrition.  
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Name some ways to encourage healthy eating habits.   show
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show Grow up, then out, ab muscles develop, arms/legs grow, body catching up to head proportion, muscular/skeletal growth, cartilage turns to bone, bone protects internal organs, motor skills increase, respiratory systems, circulatory systems, immune system  
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show Both gain in weight and height, but boys are bigger than girls.  
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show 11 hours.  
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At what age do children began to give up naptime?   show
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About one in 10 US parents of preschoolers say their child has a sleep problem such as what?   show
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show Accidental activation of the brain's motor control system, incomplete arousal from a deep sleep, disordered breathing, wrestles leg movements.  
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Can sleep disturbances be associated with separation anxiety?   show
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What might persistent sleep problems indicate?   show
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show Child awakens abruptly, early in the night from deep sleep, in a state of agitation, child may scream and sit up in bed, breathing rapidly and staring or thrashing about, quiets down quickly.  
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show Child appears to be awake but is not really.  
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show False, will remember nothing.  
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show Age 3 to 13, boys more often than girls.  
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show Night terrors, sleepwalking, nightmares.  
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What can cause nightmares?   show
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show Only when frequent or persistent, may signal excessive stress.  
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show enuresis  
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About what percentage of 5-year-olds, wet the bed regularly?   show
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show Age 8.  
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How can a parent help a child go to sleep?   show
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show If child gets up, take them back to bed, after nightmare reassure a child, after night terrors do not wake child, help child get enough sleep, walk or carry sleepwalking child back to bed.  
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show Enuresis.  
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Enuresis that persists beyond age 8 to 10 may be a sign of _.   show
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show Cannot turn or stop suddenly or quickly, can jump distance of 15 to 24 inches, can ascend stairway unaided, alternating feet, can hop irregularly.  
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show Have more effective control of stopping, starting, turning, can jump a distance of 24 to 33 inches, can descend long stairway alternating feet if supported, can hop 4 to 6 steps on one foot.  
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What are some motor skills in 5-year-olds?   show
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What are 5 common sleep problems and recommendations for handling them?   show
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show 3, 90%.  
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At around age 3, myelination of _ is complete.   show
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By age 6, the brain is about _ percent of its peak volume.   show
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show True.  
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show Permit more rapid transmission of information, better integration between 2 hemispheres, improve functions, coordinate stress, memory processes, attention, arousal, speech, hearing.  
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From age 3 to 6, what is the most rapid growth?   show
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show Area that supports associative thinking, language, spatial relations.  
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show Motor skills.  
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physical skills that involve large muscles   show
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show fine motor skills.  
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show systems of action.  
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show Handedness.  
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show Sensory, motor.  
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What can children do with better gross motor skills?   show
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What percent of 4 year olds can throw a ball? Can catch well?   show
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show No.  
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show Active, unstructured free play.  
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Why can children do with better fine motor skills?   show
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show Fine motor skills.  
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When does handedness become evident?   show
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show 82%.  
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drawing randomly but in patterns, such as vertical and zigzag lines   show
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What age group scribbles?   show
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drawing circles, squares, rectangles, triangles, crosses, X’s   show
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show designs.  
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What age group draws shapes and designs?   show
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show pictorial.  
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show 4 and 5-year-olds.  
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show Pictorial drawings, switch from abstract form in design to depicting real objects.  
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Why might parents not ask a child what their drawing is meant to represent?   show
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show Brain maturation, imitate the way a parent draws, looking at and talking about other children drawings.  
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Summarize changes in the brain during childhood and their possible effects.   show
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Distinguish between gross motor skills and fine motor skills. Give examples of each type that improved during early childhood.   show
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show Depending on which side of the brain is dominant, a child will be left-handed or right-handed. As brain develops, motor skills can develop  
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In light of other research, evaluate Kellogg’s findings on young children’s drawing skills.   show
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show They mature and get larger, allowing the child to do more  
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show Night terrors, sleepwalking, nightmares, talking in sleep, enuresis  
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What motor achievements are common in early childhood?   show
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show Low income families.  
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Worldwide, about how many children under age 5 are obese?   show
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Is obesity hereditary or environmental?   show
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show High caloric intake, lack of exercise.  
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show True.  
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How can obesity be prevented?   show
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_ is an underlying cause in more than half of all deaths before age 5.   show
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In 2005 what percent of children under 18 lived in food insecure households?   show
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What can undernutrition affect?   show
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show Injuries in the household.  
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What kind of household injuries caused death of preschoolers?   show
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What are ways to improve child safety?   show
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show About 12% of children are very overweight, more likely to be overweight if coming from a low income family, environment likely to make child heavy  
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show Increases likelihood of obesity in adulthood  
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show Poorer health, overall, can decrease IQ  
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Compare the health status of young children in developed and developing countries.   show
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show In the home, by a fire, drowning, suffocation, poisoning, falls.  
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show SES.  
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show Chronic conditions, activity limitations, no health insurance, unmet medical and dental needs.  
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Who has the least access to quality health care?   show
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show 3.9 million.  
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show 1.35 million children.  
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show Heightened risk for disease, depression, academic problems, behavioral problems.  
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What kind of families to homeless children come from?   show
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show 10,000,000.  
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Where do most child deaths under the age of 5 occur?   show
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What are the 4 major causes of death of children under 5 worldwide?   show
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show HIV/AIDS.  
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What is a preventable cause of childhood illness and death?   show
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show Respiratory infections, bronchitis, pneumonia, ear problems, asthma, slowed lung growth.  
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show Exposure to smoking, air pollution, pesticides, lead.  
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What kind of childhood problems can environmental contaminants and air pollution cause?   show
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show Contaminated food or water, airborne industrial waste, putting contaminated fingers in the mouth, and hailing dust, playing with paint chips from toys.  
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show Cognitive development, irreversible neurological problems, behavioral problems, headaches, abdominal pain, loss of appetite, agitation, lethargy, vomiting, stupor, compulsions.  
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show 25%.  
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What are some environmental influences that endanger children's health and development?   show
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show Use of symbols, understanding of identities, understanding of cause and effect, ability to classify, understanding of number, empathy, theory of mind.  
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What are the major health and safety risks for young children?   show
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in Piaget's theory, the 2nd major stage of cognitive development, in which symbolic thinking expends that children cannot yet use logic   show
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show Approximately 2 to 7 years old.  
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What is the preoperational stage characterized by?   show
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show Centration, irreversibility, focus on states rather than transformations, transductive reasoning, egocentrism, animism, inability to distinguish appearance from reality.  
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Piaget's term for ability to use mental representations (words, numbers or images) to which a child has attached meaning   show
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play involving imaginary people and situations   show
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show Fantasy play, dramatic play, imaginative play.  
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show Growing understanding of space, causality, identities, categorization, number.  
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What is an example of when a child no longer needs a sensory cue to think about something?   show
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Why could people not do without symbols?   show
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What do symbols help children do?   show
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mental representation of a previously observed event, more robust after 18 months   show
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uses a system of symbols (words) to communicate   show
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show At least age 3.  
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Piaget's term for a preoperational child's tendency to mentally linked particular phenomenon, whether or not, there is logically a causal relationship.   show
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show animism.  
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The concept that people and many things are basically the same even if the change in form, size or appearance   show
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show Identities.  
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Requires a child to identify similarities and differences   show
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By age 4, many children can classify by _ criteria. What is an example?   show
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True or false: one type of categorization is the ability to distinguish living from nonliving things.   show
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concept of comparing quantities   show
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show Around 12 to 18 months.  
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By age _, most children have words for comparing quantities.   show
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show cardinality.  
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By each 5 most children can count to _.   show
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show number sense.  
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show SES, preschool experience.  
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In Piaget's theory, the tendency of preoperational children to focus on one aspect of the situation and neglect others   show
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show decenter.  
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Piaget's term for inability to consider another persons’ point of view, a characteristic of young children's thought   show
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Summarize a preschool child’s understanding of symbols.   show
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show Preschoolers are able to use simple maps, the order they grow the more so they are able to use the symbols  
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show Do not grasp cause and effect, relate two events close in time to be a causal relationship  
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show Are usually able to distinguish between what is alive and inanimate, sometimes get them confused  
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show Are able to categorize by two criteria, such as bad/good, nice/main  
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show Can compare quantities but not do math  
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What are typical cognitive advances of preschool children's thinking?   show
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show Centration, irreversibility, focus on states rather than transformations, transductive reasoning, egocentrism, animism, inability to distinguish appearance from reality.  
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According to Piaget, preschoolers come to illogical conclusions because they cannot _, which means _.   show
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show True.  
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show False.  
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According to Piaget, young children's center so much on their _ that they cannot _.   show
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show Three Mountain Task, children sat on opposite side of table from doll, 3 mountains in the middle, the child could not see from doll's point of view.  
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Young children may show egocentrism primarily in, what kind of situations?   show
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show conservation.  
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show irreversibility.  
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show Centration.  
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show conservation.  
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When do children fully grasp the principle of conservation?   show
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show Preoperational.  
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These children focus on successive states.   show
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How does centration limit preoperational thought?   show
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show In an experiment similar to the 3 Mountain task, except using less abstract ways and more familiar thinking for children, an experimenter got the opposite results.  
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show Irreversibility, cannot consider height and width at the same time, focus on successive states.  
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Awareness and understanding of mental processes   show
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show Piaget.  
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Why has more recent research indicated that children younger than 6 understand children's knowledge about mental processes than what Piaget found?   show
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What did Piaget expect children to be able to do when talking about theory of mind?   show
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How do contemporary researchers observed children in research and theory of mind?   show
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show Inside the mind, real or imaginary, can't think of one thing while doing something else, person that covers eyes and ears can think about objects, looks pensive is probably thinking, thinking is different from seeing/talking/touching/knowing.  
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What do you preschoolers generally believe about mental activity?   show
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At what age do children know that the mind is continuously active?   show
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show People think in words, “talk to themselves”, think while they are looking, listening, reading, talking.  
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show Can dream anything they want  
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What do 5-year-olds recognize about dreaming?   show
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show Cannot control their dreams.  
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Recognition that others have mental states   show
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show Decline of egocentrism, development of empathy.  
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The understanding that _ flows from the realization that people hold mental representations of reality, which can sometimes be wrong.   show
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show False.  
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Children near their 4th birthday did better in recognizing false beliefs when they did why?   show
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show Egocentric thinking.  
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At what age do children realize that 2 people who see or hear the same thing Mae interpreted differently?   show
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an effort to plant a false belief in someone else's mind   show
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When is it believed that children become capable of deception?   show
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According to Piaget at what age do children begin to understand the distinction between what seems to be and what is? What have studies found?   show
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When do children learn to distinguish between real and imagined events?   show
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show Whether they are giving answers or keeping up the pretense.  
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show Magical thinking.  
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a way to explain events that do not seem to have obvious realistic explanations   show
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show Near the end of the preschool period.  
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What are several aspects of theory of mind?   show
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What causes theory of mind abilities to develop?   show
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What are 3 things that can cause bilingual children to have better theory of mind abilities than children who only speak one language?   show
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show They learn that they think, can't think inside their heads, can imagine things, realize people can be wrong, ability to distinguish between appearance and reality, ability to distinguish between fantasy and reality.  
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Identify influences on children's knowledge about how the mind works.   show
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process by which information is prepared for long-term storage and later retrieval   show
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show storage.  
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show retrieval.  
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What improves in children's minds in early childhood?   show
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show Encoding, storage, retrieval.  
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Give an example of encoding in memory (filing process).   show
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Give an example of storage in memory (filing process).   show
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Give an example of retrieval in memory (filing process).   show
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Difficulty in encoding, storage or retrieval can interfere with what?   show
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show Sensory memory, working memory, long-term memory.  
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initial, brief, temporary storage of sensory information   show
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show working memory.  
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show executive function.  
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element of working memory that controls the processing of information   show
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show long-term memory.  
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show recognition.  
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show recall.  
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Without what memory process do sensory memories fade quickly?   show
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show sensory memory.  
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show Short-term memory.  
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Where has brain imaging found short-term memory to be at in the brain?   show
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What is efficiency of working memory limited by?   show
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How many scrambled numbers can a 4-year-old usually remember?   show
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How many scrambled numbers can a 12-year-old usually remember?   show
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What does the growth of working memory permit?   show
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What does executive function enable children to do?   show
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show Make up and use complex rules for problem solving.  
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What orders information encoded for transfer to long-term memory?   show
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What jobs does the central executive do?   show
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show Recognition and recall.  
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Give an example of recognition memory.   show
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show Ones that make a strong impression.  
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What are the 3 types of childhood memory?   show
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memory that produces scripts of familiar routines to guide behavior   show
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general remembered outline of a familiar, repeated event, used to guide behavior   show
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show episodic memory.  
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show autobiographical memory.  
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show About age 2.  
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show Script.  
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Give an example of a generic memory.   show
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show Know what to expect, how to act.  
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Refers to awareness of having experienced a particular event or episode at a specific time and place   show
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show Temporary.  
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show Recur several times, transferred to generic memory, only last a few weeks or months.  
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Windows autobiographical memory generally emerge?   show
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show Children cannot store it events pertaining to their own lives until they develop a concept of self.  
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show Enables child to share memories and organize them into personal narratives.  
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show social interaction model.  
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Why do some early memories last longer and more clearly than others?   show
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show Did.  
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show social interaction model.  
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What styles of talking can parents have when talking with children about shared experiences?   show
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show Low elaborative style.  
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show High elaborative style.  
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Which recall style recalled richer memories?   show
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show Girls.  
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show Provide verbal labels for aspects of event, give it an orderly, comprehensible structure, interpret past events, build a sense of self as continuous and time, learn perspectives may differ on the same experience.  
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show Encoding, storage, retrieval, different types of memory, recognition, recall, retention.  
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show Sensory memory, working memory, long-term memory  
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Identified 3 types of early memories.   show
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Identify 4 factors that affect memory retention.   show
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show Low elaborative style-repeat previous statement or question, high elaborative style-ask question that brings out more information  
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show Western cultures tend to be more elaborative, non-Western cultures ask leading questions, leaving little for a child to add.  
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What is a factor that may affect the strength of early cognitive skills?   show
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What are 2 ways intelligence as measured?   show
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show Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales, Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence.  
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individual intelligence test for ages 2 and up used to measure fluid reasoning, knowledge, quantitative reasoning, visual-spatial processing and working memory   show
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individual intelligence test for children ages 2 ½ to 7 that yield to verbal and performance scores as well as a combined score   show
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show Ages 2 and up, take 45 to 60 minutes, child defines words, strings beads, build with blocks, identify missing parts of picture, trace maze, show understanding of numbers.  
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What is a child's score in the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales supposed to measure?   show
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show fluid reasoning.  
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show Individual test, takes 30 to 60 minutes, levels for ages 2 ½ to 4 and 4 to 7.  
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What scores does the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence test provide?   show
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show Special populations, children with intellectual disabilities, developmental delays, language disorders, autistic disorders.  
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What is the common misconception about IQ scores?   show
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show How well a child can do certain tasks at a certain time in comparison with others of the same age.  
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What can be some influences on intelligence?   show
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show Health, stress, parenting practices, atmosphere in the home.  
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Vygotsky’s term for the difference between what a child can do alone and what the child can do with help   show
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temporary support to help a child master a task   show
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According to Vygotsky, children learn by internalizing the results of what?   show
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_ is the most effective way in helping children cross the zone of proximal development.   show
🗑
The gap between what children can already do and what they are not quite ready to accomplish themselves   show
🗑
show Dynamic test.  
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Dynamic tests provide a better measure of children's intellectual potential than what?   show
🗑
_ measure , what children have already mastered.   show
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show Scaffolding.  
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Describe the two individual intelligence tests for preschoolers.   show
🗑
Discuss the relationship between socioeconomic status and IQ.   show
🗑
show Measures, what a child can do alone and what they can do with help, not what they have already mastered (psychometric test).  
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show With a traditional psychometric test (Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales, Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence) or a newer test (zone of proximal development).  
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What are some influences on preschoolers’ intelligence?   show
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Process by which a child absorbs the meaning of a new word after hearing it once or twice in conversation   show
🗑
What helps children express their unique view of the world?   show
🗑
show 900 to 1000 words.  
🗑
show 2,600 words, 20,000 words.  
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show 80,000.  
🗑
allows a child to pick up the approximate meaning of a new word after hearing it only once or twice in conversation   show
🗑
a rapid expansion of vocabulary   show
🗑
How is it likely that fast mapping works?   show
🗑
How does language become increasingly sophisticated during early childhood?   show
🗑
show Short, simple, declarative, amid articles such as a and the, include pronouns, adjectives, prepositions.  
🗑
show 4 to 5 words, declarative, negative, interrogators, imperative, can be complex and multi-clause if parents use such sentences, long run-on narratives.  
🗑
show Parent says you may watch TV after you pick up your toys, child understands he can 1st watch television then pick up toys.  
🗑
show 85 to 7.  
🗑
show Longer, more complicated, conjunctions, prepositions, articles come pounding complex, all parts of speech, fluent, comprehensible, grammatical, need fine points of language.  
🗑
Why do young children often make errors in speaking?   show
🗑
the practical knowledge needed to use language for communicative purposes   show
🗑
show social speech.  
🗑
What 3 things do children have to learn to become more competent in pragmatics?   show
🗑
show How to ask for things, how to tell a story, how to begin and continue a conversation, adjust comments to listeners perspective.  
🗑
When can a 5-year-old child stick to a conversational topic for about a dozen turns?   show
🗑
talking aloud to oneself with no intent to communicate with others   show
🗑
show Private speech.  
🗑
What did Piaget see private speech as?   show
🗑
What did Vygotsky see private speech as?   show
🗑
show Vygotsky’s.  
🗑
show Social experience, self-regulation.  
🗑
show Child trying to solve problems, perform difficult task.  
🗑
What percent of preschool children show language and speech delays?   show
🗑
show Hearing problems, head and facial abnormalities, premature birth, family history, socioeconomic factors, other developmental delays, heredity, problem with fast mapping.  
🗑
Are boys or girls more likely to be late talkers?   show
🗑
preschoolers development of skills, knowledge and attitudes that underlie reading and writing   show
🗑
What does emergent literacy refer to?   show
🗑
What are the 2 types of pre-reading skills?   show
🗑
show Word recognition.  
🗑
What appears to be dependent upon oral language skills?   show
🗑
show True.  
🗑
show Parents provide conversational challenges, use rich vocabulary, centered dinner-table talk on day’s activities, remember past events, questions on why people do things, how things work.  
🗑
As children learn the skills they will need to translate the written word into speech, they also learned that writing can express what?   show
🗑
What is one of the most effective pathways to literacy?   show
🗑
show Being read to.  
🗑
show Rapidly learn language with fast mapping, know 80,000 words by the time entering high school  
🗑
show Gradually learn grammar, reach adult like speech by age 5 to 7, but still learn thereafter  
🗑
Trace normal progress in a 3 to 6-year-olds syntax abilities.   show
🗑
Trace normal progress in a 3 to 6-year-olds conversational abilities.   show
🗑
show To solve problems, perform difficult tasks, self-regulation  
🗑
show hearing problem, head or facial abnormality, family history, developmental delay, SES factors  
🗑
show May grow out of it, may cause cognitive, social, emotional consequences  
🗑
Discuss possible treatment of delayed language development.   show
🗑
Identify factors that promote preparation for literacy.   show
🗑
show Children gain skills in vocabulary, grammar, syntax, pragmatics, social speech, private speech.  
🗑
show Children can grow out of it were may have problems if not assisted with speech or language therapy, consequences can be cognitive, social, emotional.  
🗑
Going to preschool is an important step, widening a child's _.   show
🗑
show 54%.  
🗑
What kind of philosophy do Western countries follow in regards to preschool?   show
🗑
show Stressing social and emotional growth in line with young children's developmental needs.  
🗑
show Neglect young children's needs for exploration and free play, too much teacher initiated instruction may interfere with self initiated learning.  
🗑
What type of preschool is best for children?   show
🗑
What are 3 types of preschool classrooms?   show
🗑
show Children actively direct their own learning, excel in basic academic skills, more advanced motor skills, better behavioral and communicative skills then middle of the road group.  
🗑
Which of the 3 types of styles of preschool classrooms seems to be the best approach?   show
🗑
show prepare children for schooling, give them a head start  
🗑
How do children make the transition to kindergarten?   show
🗑
awareness and understanding of mental processes   show
🗑
show Piaget  
🗑
show age 2-5  
🗑
show because Piaget used abstract thinking, kids might not have been able to put their understanding into words  
🗑
How do contemporary researchers observe children?   show
🗑
show thinking happens inside mind, can be real or imaginary, can think of 1 thing while doing something else, person with eyes and ears covered can think about other things, person looks pensive probably thinking, thinking different from see/talk/touch/know  
🗑
show starts and stops  
🗑
At what age to children know that the mind is continuously active?   show
🗑
What do preschoolers have little awareness of in regards to mental activity?   show
🗑
show experience, emotion, knowledge, thoughts  
🗑
show cannot control dreams  
🗑
What do preschoolers think about controlling their dreams?   show
🗑
show social cognition  
🗑
show decline of egocentrism, development of empathy  
🗑
show understanding that people can hold false beliefs  
🗑
What does a three year old lack understanding of?   show
🗑
At what age do children begin to better recognize false beliefs?   show
🗑
An estimated _ out of _ children in poor urban areas enter school poorly prepared to learn.   show
🗑
show 1960's  
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show compensatory preschool for low income children, enhance cognitive skills, improve physical health, foster self confidence, social skills.  
🗑
What does Project Head Start provide?   show
🗑
What kind of families do the Project Head Start children come from?   show
🗑
What benefits does Project Head Start give children?   show
🗑
With Project Head Start, gains are closely related to what?   show
🗑
What long term benefits does Project Head Start give children?   show
🗑
What was kindergarten originally meant for?   show
🗑
show like first grade, less self-chosen activities, more time on worksheets and preparing to read  
🗑
show becoming full day, single parents or dual earner households, children have experience preschool, prekindergarten, ready for more vigorous curriculum.  
🗑
show They tend to be further ahead until about third grade, then it evens out.  
🗑
show preparation child receives before, advantaged home environment, emotional adjustment, social adjustment  
🗑
show math, reading  
🗑
show ability to sit still, follow directions, wait one's turn, regulate own learning  
🗑
Has a correlation been found between kindergarten behavior and later success in school?   show
🗑
show enable parents and preschoolers to visit before start, shorten school days early in year, teachers make home visits, parent orientation session, keep parents informed  
🗑
The blossoming physical and cognitive skills of early childhood affect what?   show
🗑
show child initaited-most effective, child directs learning, more motor skills; academically directed-teach children; middle of the road-blends two approaches, least effective  
🗑
Assess the benefits of compensatory preschool education.   show
🗑
show preparation, home environment, emotional adjustment, social adjustment  
🗑
How do children's bodies change between ages 3 and 6?   show
🗑
show true  
🗑
What can sleep patterns be affected by?   show
🗑
How do children's brains change between ages 3 and 6?   show
🗑
What two muscle skills do children age 3 to 6 progress rapidly in? What does that develop?   show
🗑
What is handedness usually evident by? What does it reflect?   show
🗑
What sleep problems are common between ages 3 and 6?   show
🗑
How does bed-wetting stop?   show
🗑
show emotional disturbances  
🗑
show Ability to run, jump, climb, budding shirts, drawing pictures, small muscle coordination, large muscle coordination  
🗑
According to Kellogg's research, stages of art production, which reflect brain development and fine motor coordination, are what 4 stages?   show
🗑
What are the major health and safety risks for young children?   show
🗑
What effects can lead poisoning have?   show
🗑
show Several important advances, some immature aspects of thought.  
🗑
What does symbolic function enable children to do?   show
🗑
show Deferred imitation, pretend play, language.  
🗑
show Make more accurate judgments on spatial relationships, link cause and effect with regard to familiar situations, understand the concept of identity, categorize, compare quantities, understand principals accounting.  
🗑
Preoperational children appear to be less _ than Piaget thought.   show
🗑
_ keeps preoperational children from understanding principals of operation.   show
🗑
show irreversibility, focus on states rather than transformations.  
🗑
show Awareness of a child’s own thought processes, social cognition, understanding that people can hold false beliefs, ability to deceive, ability to distinguish appearance from reality, ability to distinguish fantasy from reality.  
🗑
show Maturation and environmental influences.  
🗑
show Use of symbols, understanding of identities, understanding of cause and effect, ability to classify, understanding of number, empathy, theory of mind  
🗑
show Centration, irreversibility, focus on states rather than transformations, transductive reasoning, egocentrism, animism, inability to distinguish appearance from reality.  
🗑
Information processing models describe what 3 steps in memory?   show
🗑
What kind of memory shows little change with age?   show
🗑
show Working memory.  
🗑
show Central executive.  
🗑
At all ages, which kind of memory is better: recognition or recall?   show
🗑
show Temporary, transferred to generic memory.  
🗑
show Age 3 or 4, self recognition and language development.  
🗑
show Shared memories.  
🗑
What are children most likely to remember? What can affect the memory formation?   show
🗑
What memory abilities expand in early childhood?   show
🗑
How is preschoolers’ intelligence measured?   show
🗑
show Home environment, SES  
🗑
show Industrialized.  
🗑
Newer tests based on Vygotsky’s concept of _ indicate immediate potential for achievement.   show
🗑
Test such as the zone of proximal development, combined with scaffolding can help parents and teachers do what?   show
🗑
show Vocabulary increases, grammar, syntax, pragmatics.  
🗑
show Shift to self-regulation.  
🗑
show May have serious cognitive, social, emotional consequences.  
🗑
show Interaction with adults.  
🗑
The _ content of early childhood education programs in the US has increased, but study support a _ approach.   show
🗑
What purposes does early childhood education serve?   show
🗑
show Positive outcomes, participant’s performances approaching national norms, early start may have better results.  
🗑
How do children make the transition to kindergarten?   show
🗑
_ of preschool education very across cultures.   show
🗑


   

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