Sound and its measurement
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each of the black spaces below before clicking
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| Sound | A stimulus that has the capability to produce an audible sensation | Sound may be defined as a psychological or physical phenomena
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| stimulus | An oscillation or vibration in a medium |
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| Components of sound | There has to be an ENERGY SOURCE, an OBJECT capable of vibration, a MEDIUM, and a RECEPTOR (occurs in the psychological definition only) |
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| Sound-Energy source | produces the sound | ex: you can't just hold a tuning fork, you have to apply energy or force to make it vibrate
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| Sound-object | the object has to be capable of vibration | ex: tuning fork, guitar string
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| sound-medium | how we transmit the vibration to the ear | air is a medium because the molecules are moving, the skull can be a medium because it moves when the fork touches it, water can also be a medium
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| vibration | when an object is at a point of rest then moves from the point of disturbance striking and bouncing off adjacent molecules |
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| Sound-receptor | someone capable of hearing the sound |
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| Simple harmonic motion | The simplest pattern of vibration |
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| pure tone | a tone of only one frequency (no harmonics) | seldom appear in nature, usually created by devices like tuning forks or electronic sine wave generators
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| sinusoid(al) or sine waves | the waveform of a pure tone showing simple harmonic motion |
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| waveform | a vibrating pattern that presents a smooth wave | made up of frequency and period
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| one cycle | movement from equilibrium to maximum displacement in one direction, back to equilibrium, on to maximum displacement in the opposite direction and then back to equilibrium |
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| oscillation | the back and forth movement of a vibrating body |
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| frequency | the number of complete oscillations (cycles) of a vibrating body in a 1 sec period of time | frequency is displayed in Hertz (Hz) or cycles per sec (cps)
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| Period | amount of time it takes to complete 1 vibration of a cycle | ex: if frequency is 3Hz the period (T) equals 1/3 sec
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| amplitude | distance a vibrating object moves from its point of rest | the louder the sound, the greater the amplitude
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| amplitude is correlated with | loudness |
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| frequency is correlated with | pitch |
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| cancellation | reduction in amplitude to zero because of interaction of two tones 180 degrees out of phase | the reduction of the amplitude of a sound wave to zero
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| complex sound | energy at a number of different frequencies, amplitudes, and phase relationships | composed of two or more pure tones comprised of periodic or aperiodic waves
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| Fourier analysis | any complex wave can be decomposed to determine the amplitudes, frequencies and phases of the sinusoidal components | sound waves can be classified by its reference to periodicity and complexity
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| periodic wave | a waveform that repeats itself over time | a musical note is always the same so it is a periodic sound
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| aperiodic waves | a wave that lacks periodicity, no repetition, vibratory motion is random, usually perceived as noise | the sound "sh" is random, not repeatable
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| fundamental frequency | the lowest rate of a sound's vibration | determined by the physical properties of the vibrating body
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| harmonics (overtones) | any whole number multiple of the fundamental frequency of a complex wave | each sinusoid in the series must be an integer multiple of the lowest in the series. ex: if lowest=100Hz, components are 100, 200, 300, 400, 500 etc
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| Phase | the relationship in time between two or more waves |
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| starting phase | the angle in degrees at the moment rotation begins | note: wave travels counter clockwise from 0°-360°
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| resonance | the ability of a mass to vibrate at a particular frequency with least external force |
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| watt | a unit of power |
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| exponent | a logarithm |
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| intensity | the amount of energy per unit of area |
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| velocity | the speed of a sound wave in a given direction |
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| wave | a series of moving impulses set up by a vibration |
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| dyne | a unit of force just sufficient to accelerate a mass of 1 gram at 1 cm per second squared |
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| fourier | analysis that breaks a wave into its components |
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| erg | unit of work |
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| cycle | complete sequence of events of a sine wave through 360 degrees |
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| decibel | ratio between two sound pressures or two sound powers |
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| pressure formula | dynes/cm2 |
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| just audible sound | .0002 dynes/cm2 |
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| loudest audible sound | 2000 dynes/cm2 |
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| Acoustics | The nature of sound and how it's measured | The foundation for the testing of hearing.
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Created by:
schaunag
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