HW #7
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| analogous structures | structures that do not have a common evolutionary origin but are similar in function
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| artificial selection | selective breeding of plants and animals to promote the occurrence of desirable traits in offspring
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| catastrophism | theory that states that natural disasters such as floods and volcanic eruptions shaped Earth's landforms and caused extinction of some species
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| convergent evolution | process by which unrelated organisms independently evolve similarities (analogous structures) when adapting to similar environments
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| evolution | the gradual change in a type of organism over time
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| fossil | a trace of an ancient organism that has usually been preserved in sedimentary rock
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| homologous structures | similar structures that related species have inherited from a common ancestor
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| inheritance of acquired characteristics | Lamarck's theory that characteristics acquired during the lifetime of an organism can be passed onto offspring
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| natural selection | a natural process resulting in the evolution of organisms best adapted to the environment
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| population | a group of organisms that belong to the same species and live in the same area
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| uniformationism | this principle states that the same process that operate today operated in the past
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| vestigial structure | a structure that is inherited from ancestors but has lost much or all of its original function (ex: human appendix)
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| adaptation | a characteristic that improves an individual's ability to survive and reproduce in a particular environment
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| allele frequency | the number of times that an allele occurs in a gene pool compared with the number of alleles in that pool for the same gene
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| coevolution | the process in which two or more species evolve in response to changes in each other
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| competition | a common demand by two or more organisms upon a limited supply of a resource (ex: food, water, space, etc.)
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| directional selection | form of natural selection in which the entire curve moves/shifts to a different direction
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| disruptive selection | form of natural selection in which a single curve splits into two
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| equilibrium population | a population in which allele frequencies and the distribution of genotypes do not change from generation to generation
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| fitness | ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its environment
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| founder effect | change in allele frequencies as a result of the migration of a small subgroup of a population
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| gene flow | movement of alleles from one population to another
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| gene pool | combined genetic information of all the members of a particular population
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| genetic drift | a change in the allele frequency of a population as a result of chance events rather than natural selection
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| Hardy-Weinberg Principle | principle that allele frequencies in a population will remain constant unless one or more factors cause the frequencies to change
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| mutation | change in a DNA sequence that affects genetic information
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| population bottleneck | a period during which only a few individuals of a normally large population survive
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| predation | an interaction in which one organism kills another for food
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| sexual selection | a form of natural selection in which individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely than other individuals to obtain mates
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| stabilizing selection | form of natural selection by which the center of the curve remains in its current position
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| adaptive radiation | an evolutionary pattern in which many species evolve from a single ancestral species
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| allopatric speciation | the formation of new species in populations that are geographically isolated from one another
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| extinction | a term that typically describes a species that no longer has any known living individuals
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| isolating mechanism | any factor that acts to reduce or block the flow of genes between two populations
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| polyploidy | condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes
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| postmating isolating mechanism | any structure, physiological function, or developmental abnormality that prevents organisms of two different species, once mating has occurred, from producing vigorous, fertile offspring
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| premating isolating mechanism | any structure, physiological function, or behavior that prevents organisms of two different species from exchanging gametes
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| reproductive isolation | separation of a species or population so that they no longer interbreed and evolve into two separate species
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| speciation | the formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution
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| species | a group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding
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| sympatric speciation | the formation of new species in populations that live in the same geographic area
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| amphibian | a vertebrate that lives part of its life on land and part of its life in water
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| arthropod | any member of the phylum Arthropoda, which includes insects, spiders, and crustaceans
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| conifer | a member of a class of tracheophytes (Coniferophyta) that reproduces by means of seeds formed inside cones and that retains its leaves throughout the year
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| endosymbiont hypothesis | proposes that early eukaryotic cells acquired the precursors of mitochondria and chloroplasts by engulfing certain types of bacteria
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| eukaryote | A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
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| exoskeleton | hard protective structure developed outside the body, as the shell of a lobster
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| hominoid | a human or a prehistoric relative of humans, beginning with the Australopithecines, whose fossils date back at least 4.4 million year
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| lobefin | a member of the fish order Sarcopterygii;
ancestors of today's lobefins gave rise to the first amphibians, and ultimately to all tetrapod vertebrates
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| mammal | a member of the chordate class Mammalia, which includes vertebrates with hair and mammary glands
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| mass extinction | event in which many types of living things become extinct at the same time
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| plate tectonics | a theory stating that the earth's surface is broken into plates that move
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| primate | monkeys, apes, and humans
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| prokaryote | a unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
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| protocell | a structure similar to a cell but not that is nonliving
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| reptile | a group of amphibians was evolving adaptations to drier conditions who have three major adaptations to survive on earth
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| ribozyme | an enzymatic RNA molecule
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| spontaneous generation | a hypothesis stating that life could arise from nonliving matter
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| archaea | one of the three domains of life
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| bacteria | prokaryotic organisms that lack a nucleus
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| biodiversity | the variety of life in the world or in a particular habitat or ecosystem
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| class | the taxonomic category of classifying organisms which falls between phylum and order
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| DNA sequencing | determining the order of nucleotide bases in a gene or DNA fragment
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| domain | a taxonomic category above the kingdom level; the three domains are archaea, bacteria, and eukarya
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| eukarya | one of three domains consisting of the five kingdoms plantae, protista, animalia, chromista, and fungi
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| family | the taxonomic category below order and above genus
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| genus | the taxonomic category that consists of a number of similar, closely related species
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| kingdom | the second largest taxonomic group, consisting of closely related phyla
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| order | the taxonomic group containing one or more families
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| phylogeny | the evolutionary history of a species or group of related species
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| phylum | the taxonomic group below kingdom and above class
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| scientific name | the two-part scientifically recognized name given to an organism consisting of its genus and species
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| systematics | study of the diversity of life and the evolutionary relationships between organisms
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