Epithelium
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| Name 4 major types of tissues | Epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue
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| Some common characteristics of epithelia are | Cellularity, Polarity
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| Cellularity | tightly packed cells with minimal extracellular matrix between cells
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| Polarity | having a Apical surface either exposed externally or internally
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| Apical surface | The outward facing side of the epithelium tissue, either external or in lumen
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| Lateral Surface | surface of an epithelial cell that faces the adjacent cells on either side: may contain tight junctions,adherens,desmosomes or gap junctions
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| Basal surface | Where the epithelium is attached to the basement membrane
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| Simple Epithelium | Single layer of cells that function in ; diffusion ,osmosis.filtration.secretion or absorption; All epithelium cells are in direct contact with the basement membrane
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| Basement Membrane | Made up of 3 molecular layers called ; Lamina Lucida, Lamina Densa, Reticular Lumina
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| Avascularity | Having few or no blood vessels ; such as the epithelial tissues
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| Having no blood vessels, how does the epithelium receive nutrients | All nutrients come from the apical surface or diffused through the Basal surface from blood vessels in the connective tissue
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| Stratified Epithelium | Having multiple layers of cells, best suited for protective functions
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| Apical cell shape of Squamous | Flat and thin somewhat irregular in shape
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| Apical cell shape of Cuboidal | Square or polyhendral
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| Apical cell shape of Columnar | rectangular or column
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| 4 functions of Epithelium tissue | Physical protection, selective permeability, secretions,sensation
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| Pseudostratified Epithelium | Appear to be stratified because of nuclei;all of these epithelial cells are directly attached to the basement membrane so they belong to the simple epithelium; some cells do mot reach their apical surface
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| Transitional cell shape | Change shape from polyhedral to flattened , depending on the stretching of the epithelium; places like the bladder.
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| Simple Squamous Epithelium | Single layer of flattened cells, thinnest barrier to allow rapid movement of molecules and ions to cross, Rapid diffusion , filtration and secretion; places like lungs and blood vessels
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| Simple Cuboidal Epithelium | Single layer of square shaped cells,round nucleus in center of cell,allows for absorption and secretion. used to form glands
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| Simple Columnar Epithelium | Single layer of rectangular cells, nucleus is oval and located in the Basal region, allows for absorption and secretion, ciliated and non ciliated
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| Non ciliated simple columnar epithelium | Contain Microvilli and Goblet cells,they line the digestive track from the stomach to the anal canal
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| Ciliated simple columnar epithelium | Has cilia that projects from the apical surface, Goblet cells are interspersed throughout this Epithelium, found in the large Bronchioles in the lungs
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| Psuedostratified Columnar Epithelium | All cells in direct contact with the basement membrane , not all cells reach their apical surface, Columnar cells reach the surface while the shorter cells that do not are called Stem Cells,
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| Psuedostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium | Has cilia, has Goblet cells that secrets Mucin, when hydrated turns into Mucas that traps foreign particles and move them along
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| Straified Squamous Epithelium | Multiple cell layers , only the deepest layer of cells are in direct contact with the basement membrane, Cells in the Basal levels are Cuboidal in shape while the Apical cells are flattened and squamous shaped,
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| Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium | Superficial layer of cells are dead, have no nucleus or organelles, filled with the protein Keratin, found at epidermis of skin
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| Nonkeratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium | Lacks keratin, live cells, Nuclei is visible throughout the tissue, kept moist through secretions such as salive and muchas found in parts of the oral cavity, esophagus, external female genitalia, and vagina.
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| Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium | Multiple layers of cells, superficial cells cuboidal in shape , forms tubes and ducts, for protection and secretion, forms wall of ducts in most exocrine glands
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| Stratified Columnar Epithelium | Multiple layers of cells, relatively rare , Apical surface are columnar in shape , protects and secretes.can be found in sweat glands, mammary glands, circumanal glands, and salivary glands.
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| Transitional Epithelium | Limited to the urinary tract , in relaxed state basal cells are cuboidal and the Apical cells are large and round ,In the distended state the Apical cells fatten and become almost Squamous in shape, bladder
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| Glands | To secrete substance to be used in the body or to remove substances form the body.
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| Endocrine Glands | Do not have ducts, secrete hormones into the blood
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| Exocrine Glands | In the underlying connective tissue , Have ducts that go to the surface of the epithelium for the discharge of secretions to the surface
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| Unicellular Exocrine Glands | One celled, usually do not contain ducts, located close to the surface of the epithelium, most common is Goblet cell,
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| Multicellular Exocrine Gland | Multiple cells that work together to produce secretion, have Acini to produce secretion, small ducts that merge into large duct
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| Single Glands | Have single unbranched duct
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| Compound Glands | Have branched ducts
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| Gland with a secretory portion and the duct have the same diameter | Tubular
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| Gland with a secretory portion is in the form of a sac | Acinar
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| Gland with a secretory portion has both tubules and Acini | Tubuloacinar
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| 5 Simple Glands in anatomic form | simple tubular,simple branched tubular, simple coiled tubular,simple branched acinar
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| 3 Compound Glands in anatomic form | Compound tubular, compound acinar, compound tubuloacinar
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| 3 Exocrine Glands by secretion form | Merocrine,Apocrine,Holocrine Glands
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| Exocrine Gland that packages it's secretion into secretion vesicles and release the secretion by exocytosis | Merocrine Gland
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| Exocrine Gland that has secretion from the pinching off of the apical portion and releasing cytoplasmic content, cells repair themselves to repeat activity | Apocrine Gland
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| Exocrine Gland that accumulates a product then the entire cell disintegrates, cell fragments and product make up secretion | Holocrine Gland
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| Hypertrophy | Increase in the size of the cells without an increase in the numbers of cells, ie,. lifting weights
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| Hyperplasia | Increase in the number of cells in a tissue. ie. getting a callus on your hand
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| Atrophy | The shrinkage of tissue by the decrease cell size or numbers, ie. not using a muscle
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| Metaplasia | Where stressors are placed on the body, tissues change into another type of tissue
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| Dysplasia | Abnormal tissue development, has potential to turn into cancer, may be from exposer to a virus
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| Neoplasia | Tumors, tissue growth proceeds out of control, may be benign or malignat can also metastasize
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| Necrosis | The death of soft tissue due to the lack of blood flow,ie. Gangrene
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| Edema | Localized swelling
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| Ectoderm | Located on dorsal of Embryo, Forms many external structures like the skin, surface of the eye,also all nervous tissue
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| Mesoderm | Middle germ layer, Forms all muscle tissue, spleen,ovaries, kidneys, Becomes Mesenchyme
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| Endoderm | Innermost germ layer ,Forms epithelium and organs like the liver,pancreas,thymus, and gallbladder
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| Autograft | Transplant tissue from one part of the body to another part of the same body, small rejection
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| Syngenetic graft Isograft | Tissue transplant between identical twins
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| Allograft | Transplant tissue from one person to a genetically different person, immunosuppresent drugs required
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| Xenograft, Heterograft | Transplant of tissue from animal to human, prone to rejection
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| Endothelium | Simple squamous epithelium that lines the blood and lymphatic vessels
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| Produce fibers and ground substance | Fibroblast
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| Postion of the Parietal Membrane | outside next to cavity
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| Postion of the Visceral Membrane | Inside next to organ
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| Serous fluid postion and function | Postioned between the visceral and parietal membranes to reduce friction between organs rubbing angaist one another
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| 4 membranes | Cutaneous, Mucous, Serous, Synovial
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| Membrane at the joints that produce a fluid to lubricate and is a connective tissue | Synovial Membrane
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| Membrane that is a 2 layer sac that has fluid between layers , is an epithelium | Serous Membrane
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| Membrane that lives the cavities like the mouth and intestines , produces a substance to lubricate and protect underlying tissues frome pathogens, epithelium | Musous Membrane
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| Membrane called the skin or Integument | Cutaneous Membrane
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| 3 Cartilages | Hyaline, Fibro, Elastic cartilages
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| Cartilage with perichondriums | Hyaline and Elastic cartilages
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| Cartilage without perichodriums | Fibrocartilage
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| In dense regular connective tissue that forms tendons and ligaments what kind of cells are used | Fibroblasts cells
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| What type of cells form adipose connective tissue | Adipocyte cells
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| What type of cells form cartilage | Chondrocyte cells
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| The 4 Resident cells are | Fibroblast , Adipocytes. Mesenchymal, Fixed Macrophages
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| The 3 Protein fibers | Collagen, Reticular, Elastic Fibers
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| Definition of Ground Substance | Non-cellular material that the connective tissue cells and protein fibers reside ;can be viscous ,semisolid , or solid; It actually consists of large molecules called glycosoaminoglycans (GAGs) which link together to form even larger molecules called prot
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| Function of Wandering cells | Immune
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| Functions of Resident cells | Structure, repair ,maintain and support
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| 2 Embryonic connective tissues | Mesenchyme and Mucous connective tissues
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| Loose connective tissue characteristics | Few fibers and more ground substance
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| Dense connective tissue characteristics | More fibers and less ground substance
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| 3 loose connective tissues | Areolar, Adipose, Reticular
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| 3 Dense connective tissues | Dense regular , Dense Irregular, Elastic
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| 3 Cartilages | Hyaline, Elastic, Fibrocartilage
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| 2 Bone | Compact and Spongy
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| What tissue do you find Contractile Proteins in | Skeletal and Cardiac muscle tissue , myosin
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| 4 Body Membranes | Mucous, Serous, Cutaneous, and Synovial
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| Body Membranes are formed from what 2 tissues | Epithelial and Connective tissues
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| Ectoderm | Dorsal and External surface of Embryo,Epidermis of skin, nervous tissue
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| Mesoderm | MIddle Primary Germ Layer, Dermis of skin , Muscle tissue, Connective tissue
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| Endoderm | Innermost Germ Layer, Organs , Ducts , tracks and tubes
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| Where do you find Hyaline cartilage | Fetal skeleton,nose, End of bone at joints, and Respiratory passages. has flex support
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| Where do you find Fibroblast cartilage | Good shock absorber . interverbral discs , hip bones, knee, has lots of collagen fibers
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| Where do you find Elastic cartilage | Flexible , ear and Larynx
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| Cartilages with perichodriums | Hyaline and Elastic cartilages
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| Elastic fibers can be found where | Vocal chords, Respiratory air passage ways, skin and lungs
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| Collagen fibers can be found where | Ligaments and Tendons
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| Reticular fibers can be found where | Spleen and Liver, surround small blood vessels and in the basement membranes
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| Where would you find Dense regular connective tissue | Tendons , ligaments in the Dermis. has Poor Blood supply
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| Where would you find Dense irregular connective tissue | Dermis of the skin and around skeletal muscles
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| Where would you find Elastic connective tissue | The walls of Large arteries Airways, part of the Heart
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| Simple Squamous Epithelium is found where? | Serous Membrane for heart and lung , also Lymphatic vessels
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| Where can you find the Mucous Membrane | Digestive , Respiratory , Urinary and Reproductive tracts, They open up to external surfaces
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| Out of the 4 membranes ; serous , mucous , cutaneous , and synovial, which one is different than a Epithelial Membrane | Synovial , made up entirely of connective tissue
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| What actions does the Mucous Membrane perform | Absorption , Protection and Secretion
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| Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium can be found where? | Epidermis
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| What actions does the Simple Squamous perform | Diffusion , Filtration, Osmosis, and Secretion
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| What actions does the Simple Cuboidal perform | Secretion and Absorption
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| Where can you find the Simple Cuboidal Epithelium | Lines the kidney tubules , Thyroid follicles, covers ovaries and lines Ducts of some glands , Eye surface
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| What actions does the Simple Columnar perform | Secretion and Absorption
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| Where can you find the Simple Columnar Epithelium | Lines Uterus, stomach and intestine
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| Where can you find the Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium | Lines the Respiratory passageways
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| Where can you find the Stratified Squamous Epithelium | Lines oral cavity, vagina anal canal
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| Where can you find the Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium | Lines the Mammary, Sweat and Salivary glands , Pancreas
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| Where can you find the Stratified Columnar Epithelium | Lines part of the Urethra, and ducts of exocrine glands
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| Where can you find the Transitional Epithelium | Lines the Urinary bladder, Ureters, and part of the Urethra
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| Types of Grandular Epithelium | Exocrine Gland and Endocrine Gland
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| How and What do Merocrine Glands Secrete | By Exocytosis and product is Salivary and Sweat
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| How do Apocrine Glands Secrete | Pinches off small part of cells , Mammary Gland
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| How do Holocrine Glands Secrete | Releases entire cell of product. Sebaceous Glands or Oil
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| Characteristics of Glycosaminoglycans | Negatively charged and are attracted to water, used as a lubricate, completely composed of carbohydrate, chondroitin and heparin sulfates, hyaluronic acid
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| Characteristics of Proteoglycans | Attached to protein and 90% carbohydrate
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| Characteristics of Adherent Glycoproteins | Binds fibers and cells to Ground substance
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| Neurosoma | The body of the Neuron
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| Serous Gland | Secretes thin aqueous fluid , Sweat gland
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| Mucous Gland | Secretes Mucous
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| Osteoblasts | Form bones, secretes Hydroxyapatite
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| Osteocytes | Maintain bone
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| Osteoclasts | Break down bone
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| Function of the Lumina Propria | It provides support and nutrition to the epithelium, as well as the means to bind to the underlying tissue.
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