Exam 6 - Lecture 4
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| What are the two layers of olfactory organs? | show 🗑
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| show | Olfactory Epithelium
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| show | Olfactory Epithelium
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| Which layer of the olfactory organs contain blood vessels, nerves, and thick mucus? | show 🗑
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| show | Lamina Propria
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| What does the thick mucus in the Lamina Propria do? | show 🗑
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| Which bone do axons leaving the Olfactory Epithelium go through to reach Olfactory Bulbs? | show 🗑
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| Axons leaving Olfactory Bulb travel to the _____________ but pass through the _________ and __________, which is why there are emotions tied to smells | show 🗑
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| show | Interact with Olfactory Receptors; G Proteins open Na+ channels
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| How many Olfactory Receptors are packed onto the cilia? | show 🗑
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| Dogs have up to ____ times the receptor surface area | show 🗑
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| As few as ___ odorant molecules can activate an Olfactory Receptor | show 🗑
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| show | Beta-Mercaptan
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| Where does scent adaptation occur? | show 🗑
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| Sense of smell decreases _________ than your sense of taste over time | show 🗑
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| As you age, the _________ of Olfactory Receptors declines | show 🗑
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| show | Hyposmia (partial loss of smell), Anosmia (complete loss of smell), Dysosmia (distorted identification of odors)
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| show | Age, genetics, trauma, allergic rhinitis, Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s, toxins, endocrine disturbances, medication (less than 1% of cases)
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| show | Men
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| Less than ___% of smell disorders are due to medications | show 🗑
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| show | Partial loss of sense of smell
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| Hyposmia is caused by which Top 200 Drugs? | show 🗑
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| show | Hyposmia
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| Methotrexate causes which Smell Disorder? | show 🗑
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| show | Hyposmia
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| Gemfibrozil causes which Smell Disorder? | show 🗑
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| show | Complete loss of sense of smell
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| Why is Anosmia dangerous? | show 🗑
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| show | Amoxicilin, Doxycycline, Lovastatin, Metronidazole, Nifedipine
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| Amoxicillin causes which Smell Disorders? | show 🗑
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| show | Anosmia and Dysosmia
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| show | Anosmia
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| Metronidazole causes which Smell Disorder? | show 🗑
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| Nifedipine causes which Smell Disorder? | show 🗑
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| Dysosmia | show 🗑
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| show | Amoxicillin, Doxycycline
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| Types of Dysosmia: | show 🗑
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| Parosmia | show 🗑
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| show | Smelling an odor that is not there, can be pleasant or unpleasant
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| show | Can smell odor, but can’t identify it
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| show | Superior surface of tongue and adjacent portions of Pharynx and Larynx
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| Taste Buds are formed from: | show 🗑
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| What are the 3 types of Lingual Papillae? | show 🗑
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| Filiform Papillae | show 🗑
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| show | Contain about 5 taste buds each
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| show | Form a V on posterior surface of tongue; contain about 100 taste buds each
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| show | All
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| Taste Receptors are made up of: | show 🗑
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| What cells make up Gustatory Cells? | show 🗑
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| show | VII (Facial), IX (Glossopharyngeal), X (Vagus)
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| ___________ Receptors play a large role in taste perception | show 🗑
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| show | Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter
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| show | Umami (pleasant taste, amino acids – especially Gluatamate) and Water (receptors in Pharynx)
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| show | Pharynx
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| Which taste receptors use chemically-gated ion channels to cause action potentials? | show 🗑
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| Which taste receptors use G Proteins to release neurotransmitters and cause action potentials? | show 🗑
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| show | Umami
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| Which taste is a probably sixth taste? | show 🗑
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| Which foods have high calcium that you can taste? | show 🗑
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| Why can’t we taste the Calcium in milk and dairy products? | show 🗑
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| Why is it important to know if we have a sixth taste for Calcium? | show 🗑
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| We are much more sensitive to ________ and _________ tastes than to _________ and _________ tastes | show 🗑
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| show | Many toxic or poisonous plants are bitter; We can also tell if food is spoiled
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| show | 10,000
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| show | Phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) and 6-n-propylthiouracil (PROP)
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| show | TAS2R38 (Dominant Trait)
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| show | Dominant
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| show | Your sensitivity to foods
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| show | 25%
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| ___% of people are Normal Tasters | show 🗑
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| ___% of people are Supertasters | show 🗑
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| show | Tastes are more intense, especially Bitter; Depends on sensitivity to 6-n-propylthiouracil (PROP)
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| show | 6-n-propylthiouracil (PROP)
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| Which foods are too bitter for Supertasters? | show 🗑
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| show | Altered BMI, Less likely to smoke, May affect more females than males, Higher risk of cancer?
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| Hearing | show 🗑
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| Equilibrium involves: | show 🗑
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| Components of the External Ear: | show 🗑
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| show | Contains Ceruminous Glands that secrete cerumen (earwax) which inhibits the growth of microorganisms
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| show | Earwax; Secreted by Ceruminous Glands in the External Acoustic Meatus (Canal)
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| show | Funnels sound waves into the External Acoustic Meatus (Canal)
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| show | Separates External Ear and Middle Ear; Vibrates in response to sound waves
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| All of the parts for hearing and equilibrium are located in the __________ Ear | show 🗑
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| show | Auditory Ossicles (Malleus, Incus, Stapes) and Auditory Tube (Eustachian Tube)
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| show | Malleus (“hammer”), Incus (“anvil”), Stapes (“stirrup”)
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| show | Conducts vibration to Inner Ear
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| show | Connects to the Pharynx which allows for equalization of pressures on either side of the Tympanic membrane
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| Where can microorganisms enter the Middle Ear and cause an infection? | show 🗑
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| Why do toddlers get so many ear infections? | show 🗑
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| show | Bony Labrinth (Semicircular Canals, Cochlea, Vestibule) and Membranous Labyrinth
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| Components of the Bony Labyrinth | show 🗑
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| show | Semicircular Canals and Vestibule
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| Which parts of the Bony Labyrinth are responsible for hearing? | show 🗑
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| Membranous Labyrinth | show 🗑
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| show | Fluid inside of the Membranous Labyrinth of the Inner Ear
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| show | Fluid surrounding the Membranous Labyrinth of the Inner Ear (between the Bony Labyrinth and Membranous Labyrinth)
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| show | Anterior, Posterior, Lateral
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| show | Ampulla (which is made up of a Cupula, Hair Cells, and has a sensory nerve attached to it)
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| Cupula | show 🗑
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| Hair Cells have _________ and a __________ | show 🗑
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| show | Moved by external forces; causes distortion of Stereocilia
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| Hair Cells allow for detection of __________ movements of the head | show 🗑
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| show | When you shake your head “yes”
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| When are Posterior Semicircular Ducts stimulated? | show 🗑
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| When are Lateral Semicircular Ducts stimulated? | show 🗑
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| The Utricle and Saccule contain _________ that determine linear acceleration and sense of gravity | show 🗑
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| Maculae | show 🗑
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| show | Located in Maculae; Distort Hair Cells when they move
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| show | Visual cues and Inner Ear
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| Vertigo | show 🗑
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| Symptoms of Vertigo | show 🗑
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| Things that affect Inner Ear fluids and can result in Vertigo: | show 🗑
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| show | 1. Histamine Receptor Agonists (Dimenhydrinate [Dramamine], Promethazine) 2. Acetylcholine Receptor (Muscarinic) Antagonists (Scopolamine patch)
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| show | Dimenhydrinate (Dramamine) and Promethazine
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| Acetylcholine Receptor (Muscarinic) Agonist used to treat Motion Sickness | show 🗑
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| Components of the Cochlea | show 🗑
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| What structure does the Organ of Corti sit on? | show 🗑
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| show | Hair Cells
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| show | Based on number of waves (cycles) per second
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| High Frequency | show 🗑
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| Low Frequency | show 🗑
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| show | Intensity of sound (measured in Decibels)
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| What is Amplitude measured in? | show 🗑
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| show | Area where Stapes is connected to the Cochlea
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| Round Window | show 🗑
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| show | Vestibular Duct and Tympanic Duct
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| show | Cochlear Duct
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| show | Where the Basilar Membrane is distorted
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| Amplitude is determined by: | show 🗑
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| When the Stapes moves inward, the Basilar Membrane distorts toward the _________ and the Round Window is ____________ | show 🗑
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| show | Distorts toward the Oval Window; the Round Window is pulled inward
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| The closer to the Oval Window the Basilar Membrane is distorted, the _______ the Frequency of sound heard | show 🗑
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| show | 1. Nerve Deafness (impairment of Cochlea or Auditory Nerve [Inner Ear] – permanent deafness) 2. Conduction Deafness (impairment of physical structures that conduct sounds into Inner Ear [Middle Ear] – sound waves can still be conducted into Cochlea)
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| Nerve Deafness is caused by: | show 🗑
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| show | Impairment of the physical structures of the ear that conduct sounds into the Inner Ear (Middle Ear) – Sound waves can still be conducted into Cochlea
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| show | Problems with balance (Vertigo)
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| show | Problems with hearing (Tinnitus and Hearing Loss)
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| Tinnitus | show 🗑
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| show | 1. Anesthetics (blocks Na+ channels, prevents depolarization) [Procaine, Lidocaine] 2. Benzodiazepines (potentiate GABA, augments hyperpolarization) [Lorazepam, Diazepam]
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| show | Temporary or Permanent
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| Which frequencies are usually lost first when you start to lose your hearing? | show 🗑
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| Drug-induced Ototoxicity | show 🗑
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| show | Antimicrobials, NSAIDs, Loop Diuretics, Platinum Oncology Agents
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| How do Antimicrobials induce Ototoxicity? | show 🗑
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| How does Gentamicin induce Ototoxicity? | show 🗑
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| How does Streptomycin induce Ototoxicity? | show 🗑
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| How does Neomycin induce Ototoxicity? | show 🗑
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| How does Erythromycin induce Ototoxicity? | show 🗑
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| show | Directly damages Hair Cells
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| How do NSAIDs induce Ototoxicity? | show 🗑
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| How does Aspirin (Salicylate) induce Ototoxicity? | show 🗑
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| show | Directly inhibit K+ membrane transport in Hair Cells; Indirectly decrease Endocochlear Fluid, which increases concentration of ototoxic agents (Furosemide)
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| How does Furosemide induce Ototoxicity? | show 🗑
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| How do Platinum Oncology Agents induce Ototoxicity? | show 🗑
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| show | Directly affects Nitrous Oxide production in Hair Cells, Reactive Oxygen Species formation
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| How does Carboplatin induce Ototoxicity? | show 🗑
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