G-Dawg's AP Language Terminology
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| tone | the author's attitude towards his/her material and/or his/her audience
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| style | the distinctive way an author writes
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| literary allusions | indirect references to works,events, or figures the author assumes the reader is familiar with
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| allegory | a story or characterization through which the author presents an abstract or symbolic concept
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| hyperbole | a deliberate exaggeration
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| onomatopoeia | words that sound like what they are
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| antecedent | the noun to which the pronoun refers
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| preposition | word that shows the relationship of one noun to another-in a little phrase
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| syntax | sentence structure
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| parallelism | repetition of similar syntactical forms-used to emphasize an idea
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| antithesis | the contrast of opposites within parallel clauses
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| paradox | a reconciliation of opposites within parallel clauses
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| oxymoron | a two-word expression of seeming contradiction
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| assertion | opinions stated as facts
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| assumption | a supposed fact that is never proved
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| qualification | to modify, restrict, or limit
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| unqualified assertion | an opinion stated as truth with no limitations or modifications
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| issue | a debatable question that gives rise to different positions or stances
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| rebuttal | an opposing argument
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| digression | a departure from the main topic
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| refute | to prove a person to be wrong
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| generalizations | an assertion about a group or class
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| hypothesis | an unproved theory, proposition, or supposition
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| circumlocution | to talk in circles, a round-about way of saying something
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| recapitulate | to repeat briefly; to summarize
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| objective | without personal bias or prejudice
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| subjective | opposite of objective!
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| exposition | writing that explains
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| speculate | to conject(ure), put together, guess, or infer
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| syllogism | an arguement or form of reasoning composed of reasoning from a general statement to a particular statement to a conclusion
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| inference | a conclusion drawn from evidence
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| appeals to authority | using the endorsement of an "authority" to make an argument seem convincing
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| anecdote | the retelling of an incident that may illustrate or prove a point.
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| rhetorical purpose/rhetorical stance | why the speaker is attempting to persuade or influence the audience
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| dilemma | an arguement necessitating a choice between two equally unfavorable or disagreeable alternatives
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| invective | an emotionally violent attack using strong and abusive language
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| satire | the ridicule of human vice or faults, or social institutions or customs, for the purpose of reform
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| narrative style | the distinctive way an author plans his/her narrative
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| juxtaposition | place side by side usually referring to contrasting or disparate items
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| non-sequitur | a statement that does not follow logically from what preceded it.
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| inductive reasoning | a form of reasoning which works from specific to the general
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| damning with faint praise | intentional use of a positive statement that has a negative implication
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| deductive reasoning | a form of reasoning that works from the general to the specific
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| simple sentence | one independent clause
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| compound sentence | two or more independent clauses
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| complex sentence | one independent clause and one dependent clause
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| compound-complex sentence | two or more independent clauses with one or more dependent clause
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| independent clause | a suject and a verb whose idea is complete and can stand alone
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| dependent clause | a subject and a verb whose idea is not complete and must have an independent clause to have it make sense.
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| alliteration | repetition of initial sounds in two or more neighboring words--the repetition reinforces meaning
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| colloquial/colloquialism | the use of slang or informalities usually not accepted in formal speech or writing
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| conceit | afanciful expression, usually in the form of an extended metaphor--displays intellectual cleverness due to the unusual comparison being made
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| apostrophe | direct address to an absent or imaginary person or abstraction, like love or liberty.
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| independent clause | clause with a noun and a verb that can stand on its own
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| dependent clause | clause with a noun and a verb that cannot stand on its own
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| periodic sentence | sentence whose main clause is at the end, near the period.
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| loose sentence | sentence that starts with the main clause and ends with many small phrases
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| subordinate clause | aka subjunctive or dependent clause: cannot stand alone
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| theme | the central meesage or idea of the work
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| metonomy | meaning"changed label"(Greek) using the name of one bject is substituted for another closely related to it (the White House)
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| parody | a work that closely imitates another to ridicule or create a comic effect.
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| four rhetorical modes | exposition, persuasion or argumentation,description,and narration
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| sarcasm | Bitter, caustic language (to tear flesh)used to ridicule, or belittle
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| subject complement | the word or phrase that follows a linking verband complements or completes the subject of the sentence
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