Urinary System Disorders
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| Nephron | Unit that filters blood
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| Glomerulus | Bed of capillaries that supply blood for filtration by a nephron
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| What is filtered in the glomerulus? | Fluids and solutes
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| What are juxtoglomerular cells? | Cells that secrete renin
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| Glomerular Filtration Rate | Rate at which fluid is filtered in the glomerulous
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| Decreased GFR triggers __________ secretion. | Renin
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| Incontinence | Loss of voluntary control of urination
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| Micturation Reflex | Involuntary contraction of the bladder muscles, voluntary relaxation of the bladder sphincter
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| Retention | Inability to urinate
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| Causes of incontinence | Stress on the bladder sphincter from increased intra-abdominal pressure, incompetent bladder sphincter, neurological problems causing loss of voluntary control of micturation reflex
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| Large amounts of protein, bacteria, pus, or blood cells in the urine may give it a __________ appearance. | Cloudy
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| Highly concentrated urine, heaturia, or excessive bilirubin may cause urine to appear ______. | Dark
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| Hematuria | Blood in the urine
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| What may unusual odors of urine be an indicator of? | Infection
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| Infection, inflammation, increased glomerular permeability, or hemorrhage may be indicated by blood in the urine, which is known as ____________. | Hematuria
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| Proteinuria | Protein in the urine
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| Bacteriuria | Bacteria in the urine
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| Pyuria | Pus in the urine
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| Casts | Solid masses that form in the tubules
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| Specific gravity | Measure of the ability to concentrate urine
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| Glucosuria | Glucose in the urine which results when the glucose levels in the filtrate are too high to get fully reabsorbed
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| Dialysis (Artificial kidney) | Mechanical filtration of the blood used when the kidneys are unable to filter the blood on their own.
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| Cystitis | Urinary tract infection/inflammation of the bladder
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| Urethritis | Inflammation of the urethra
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| Pyelonephritis | Inflammation of the kidneys
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| What type of bacteria most commonly cause urinary tract infections? | Fecal bacteria (e.coli)
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| Predisposing factors for UTI's | Pregnancy, scar tissue, and kidney stones
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| Manifestations associated with UTI's | Pain in the lower abdomen, back pain with pyelonephritis, painful urination, increased urgency and frequency of urination, nocturia, cloudy urine
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| Nocturia | Urinating at night
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| Glomerulonephritis | Inflammation of the glomeruli
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| Acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis | Secondary disorder to Streptococcal infections where antibodies to streptococcus antigens ASO and ASK form immune complexes that are deposited on capillary walls causing complement activation
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| Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) | Blood test for kidney function
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| Urea | Breakdown product of proteins excreted in urine
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| Oliguria | Decreased urine output
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| Urolithiasis | Kidney stones that develop when filtrate is highly concentrated or there are high amounts of insoluble salts
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| Predisposing factors for Urolithiasis | Immobility, hypercalcemia, dehydration, hyperuricemia, infection, high BMI, highly acidic or alkaline urine
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| Hypercalcemia | High calcium in the blood
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| Hyperuricemia | High blood uric acid
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| Complications of Urolithiasis | Urine flow obstruction and hyronephrosis
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| Manifestations of Bladder Cancer | Hematuria, increased urination frequency, pain in lower back, abdomen, and/or painful urination
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| Risk factors for Bladder Cancer | Smoking, high exposure to chemicals used in making some dyes, rubber, or leather, recurrent UTI's, previous chemotherapy or pelvic radiation, family history, gender, increasing age, schistosomiasis
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| Wilms' Tumor | Most common childhood tumor in the US, located in the kidney
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| Defects in the tumor supressor genes WT1 and WT2 are associated with what congenital kidney disease? | Wilms' tumor
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| Adult polycystic kidney | Cyst formation on the kidney that leads to chronic renal failure due to necrosis and lack of normal function
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| Cysts | Fluid filled sacs in a tissue
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| Renal failure | The inability of both kidneys to function sufficiently for the body's needs
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| Anuria | No urine output
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| In acute renal failure, GFR is ________, resulting in oliguria or anuria. | Reduced
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| What are prerenal causes of acute renal failure? | Conditions that cause decreased blood flow to the kidney due to things such as shock, myocardial infarction causing heart failure, congestive heart failure
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| Decreased blood output from the heart = | Decreased bloodflow to kidneys
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| What are renal causes of acute renal failure? | Conditions that directly damage the kidneys and disrupt function such as bilateral glomerulonephritis or pyelonephritis and nephrotixin exposure
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| Nephrotoxin | Substances that are toxic to the nephrons
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| What are postrenal causes of acute renal failure? | Conditions that block passage of urine out of the body such as kidney stones in both ureters or bladder obstruction due to calculi or tumors.
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| Causes of Chronic Renal Failure | Chronic kidney disease, hypertension, diabetes, chronic exposure to nephrotoxins, renal artery stenosis
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| Nephrosclerosis | Degenerative changes to renal blood vessels
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| Uremia | End-stage kidney failure
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| During chronic renal failure polyuria and low specific gravity are seen in _____ stages and oliguria is seen in ______ stage. | Early, late
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| Manifestations and complications of End-stage Renal Failure | Oliguria, increased blood volume, nerve damage, reduced immune system function, decreased libido, impotence, or menstrual irregularities, anemia due to decreased erythropoietine production, bone demineralization
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| Hypocalcemia | Low levels of calcium in the blood
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| Erythropoietin | Hormone made by the kidneys that stimulates or promotes red blood cell formation
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| Azotemia | Nitrogen wastes in the blood
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