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Patho-Urinary System
Urinary System Disorders
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Nephron | Unit that filters blood |
| Glomerulus | Bed of capillaries that supply blood for filtration by a nephron |
| What is filtered in the glomerulus? | Fluids and solutes |
| What are juxtoglomerular cells? | Cells that secrete renin |
| Glomerular Filtration Rate | Rate at which fluid is filtered in the glomerulous |
| Decreased GFR triggers __________ secretion. | Renin |
| Incontinence | Loss of voluntary control of urination |
| Micturation Reflex | Involuntary contraction of the bladder muscles, voluntary relaxation of the bladder sphincter |
| Retention | Inability to urinate |
| Causes of incontinence | Stress on the bladder sphincter from increased intra-abdominal pressure, incompetent bladder sphincter, neurological problems causing loss of voluntary control of micturation reflex |
| Large amounts of protein, bacteria, pus, or blood cells in the urine may give it a __________ appearance. | Cloudy |
| Highly concentrated urine, heaturia, or excessive bilirubin may cause urine to appear ______. | Dark |
| Hematuria | Blood in the urine |
| What may unusual odors of urine be an indicator of? | Infection |
| Infection, inflammation, increased glomerular permeability, or hemorrhage may be indicated by blood in the urine, which is known as ____________. | Hematuria |
| Proteinuria | Protein in the urine |
| Bacteriuria | Bacteria in the urine |
| Pyuria | Pus in the urine |
| Casts | Solid masses that form in the tubules |
| Specific gravity | Measure of the ability to concentrate urine |
| Glucosuria | Glucose in the urine which results when the glucose levels in the filtrate are too high to get fully reabsorbed |
| Dialysis (Artificial kidney) | Mechanical filtration of the blood used when the kidneys are unable to filter the blood on their own. |
| Cystitis | Urinary tract infection/inflammation of the bladder |
| Urethritis | Inflammation of the urethra |
| Pyelonephritis | Inflammation of the kidneys |
| What type of bacteria most commonly cause urinary tract infections? | Fecal bacteria (e.coli) |
| Predisposing factors for UTI's | Pregnancy, scar tissue, and kidney stones |
| Manifestations associated with UTI's | Pain in the lower abdomen, back pain with pyelonephritis, painful urination, increased urgency and frequency of urination, nocturia, cloudy urine |
| Nocturia | Urinating at night |
| Glomerulonephritis | Inflammation of the glomeruli |
| Acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis | Secondary disorder to Streptococcal infections where antibodies to streptococcus antigens ASO and ASK form immune complexes that are deposited on capillary walls causing complement activation |
| Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) | Blood test for kidney function |
| Urea | Breakdown product of proteins excreted in urine |
| Oliguria | Decreased urine output |
| Urolithiasis | Kidney stones that develop when filtrate is highly concentrated or there are high amounts of insoluble salts |
| Predisposing factors for Urolithiasis | Immobility, hypercalcemia, dehydration, hyperuricemia, infection, high BMI, highly acidic or alkaline urine |
| Hypercalcemia | High calcium in the blood |
| Hyperuricemia | High blood uric acid |
| Complications of Urolithiasis | Urine flow obstruction and hyronephrosis |
| Manifestations of Bladder Cancer | Hematuria, increased urination frequency, pain in lower back, abdomen, and/or painful urination |
| Risk factors for Bladder Cancer | Smoking, high exposure to chemicals used in making some dyes, rubber, or leather, recurrent UTI's, previous chemotherapy or pelvic radiation, family history, gender, increasing age, schistosomiasis |
| Wilms' Tumor | Most common childhood tumor in the US, located in the kidney |
| Defects in the tumor supressor genes WT1 and WT2 are associated with what congenital kidney disease? | Wilms' tumor |
| Adult polycystic kidney | Cyst formation on the kidney that leads to chronic renal failure due to necrosis and lack of normal function |
| Cysts | Fluid filled sacs in a tissue |
| Renal failure | The inability of both kidneys to function sufficiently for the body's needs |
| Anuria | No urine output |
| In acute renal failure, GFR is ________, resulting in oliguria or anuria. | Reduced |
| What are prerenal causes of acute renal failure? | Conditions that cause decreased blood flow to the kidney due to things such as shock, myocardial infarction causing heart failure, congestive heart failure |
| Decreased blood output from the heart = | Decreased bloodflow to kidneys |
| What are renal causes of acute renal failure? | Conditions that directly damage the kidneys and disrupt function such as bilateral glomerulonephritis or pyelonephritis and nephrotixin exposure |
| Nephrotoxin | Substances that are toxic to the nephrons |
| What are postrenal causes of acute renal failure? | Conditions that block passage of urine out of the body such as kidney stones in both ureters or bladder obstruction due to calculi or tumors. |
| Causes of Chronic Renal Failure | Chronic kidney disease, hypertension, diabetes, chronic exposure to nephrotoxins, renal artery stenosis |
| Nephrosclerosis | Degenerative changes to renal blood vessels |
| Uremia | End-stage kidney failure |
| During chronic renal failure polyuria and low specific gravity are seen in _____ stages and oliguria is seen in ______ stage. | Early, late |
| Manifestations and complications of End-stage Renal Failure | Oliguria, increased blood volume, nerve damage, reduced immune system function, decreased libido, impotence, or menstrual irregularities, anemia due to decreased erythropoietine production, bone demineralization |
| Hypocalcemia | Low levels of calcium in the blood |
| Erythropoietin | Hormone made by the kidneys that stimulates or promotes red blood cell formation |
| Azotemia | Nitrogen wastes in the blood |
Created by:
amykkey@gmail.com
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