Bio 12, Digestive system.
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| Digestive system | show 🗑
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| Mechanical digestion | show 🗑
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| show | Many different enzymes break down macro molecules to small organic molecules that can be absorbed
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| Roof of the mouth | show 🗑
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| Salivary glands | show 🗑
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| Mumps | show 🗑
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| show | Receives both air and food passes bolus from moth to esophagus
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| Esophagus | show 🗑
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| show | The soft palate closes off the nasopharynx and the epiglottis covers the glottis, forcing the bolus to enter the esophagus
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| Peristalis | show 🗑
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| Sphincters | show 🗑
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| Cardiac sphincter | show 🗑
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| Heartburn | show 🗑
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| Stomach | show 🗑
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| Capacity of the stomach | show 🗑
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| show | Deep folds in the stomach's wall that disappear to allow the stomach to expand
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| Gastric | show 🗑
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| Columnar epithelium | show 🗑
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| Gastric juice | show 🗑
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| Pepsinogen | show 🗑
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| How long it takes for the stomach to empty | show 🗑
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| Chyme | show 🗑
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| show | Acts like a valve to the small intestine, repeatedly opens and closes
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| Small intestine | show 🗑
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| show | Receives bile from the liver and pancreatic juice from the pancreas. Has a slightly basic pH to neutralize acid from the stomach
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| show | Finger like projections that give the small intestine a larger surface area. Has an outer layer of columnar epithelial cells, each cell has microvilli that absorb nutrients
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| Lacteal | show 🗑
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| show | Substance produced by cells that affects a different set of cells, usually transported by the blood stream
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| show | Stimulated by eating meat high in protein, produced by the stomach, acts on the stomach via secretion of gastric acid. Allows stomach to break down proteins, stimulates growth of stomach lining
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| CCK | show 🗑
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| show | Stimulated by acid in the small intestine, produced by the duodenum, acts on the duodenum via secretions in the stomach, pancreas, liver. Stimulates production of bicarbonate to regulate pH of chyme
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| show | Cecum, colon, and rectum. Absorbs water, salts, and vitamins. Stores indigestible materials until it can be released as feces
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| Appendix | show 🗑
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| Peritonitis | show 🗑
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| show | Ascending colon (up the right side of body), transverse colon (crosses abdominal cavity), descending colon (passes down the left side of the body), sigmoid colon (last 20 cm)
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| Rectum | show 🗑
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| show | Stretching of the rectal wall caused by feces being forced intot he rectum by peristalis
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| show | 3/4 water, 1/4 solids. Bacterial action causes odor and gas.
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| show | Pancreas, liver, gall bladder, salivary glands
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| show | Exocrine function, producing pancreatic juice (containing bicarbonate that neutralizes chyme). Endocrine function, creates insulin and glucagon to keep blood glucose at normal limits.
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| show | Clusters of alpha cells (produce glucagon), beta cells (produce insulin), delta cells (produce somatostatin)
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| show | Stimulated by high blood glucose levels, produced by the pancreas, acts on liver cells, muscle cells and adipose tissue. Increases glucose absorption rate, lowers blood glucose level
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| Glucagon | show 🗑
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| Somatostatin | show 🗑
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| Liver | show 🗑
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| show | 50 to 80 mg per 100 mL
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| Hepatic portal system | show 🗑
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| Bile | show 🗑
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| Gall bladder | show 🗑
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| Digestive enzymes | show 🗑
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| Formula for salivary amylase | show 🗑
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| show | protein + H2O -> peptides
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| Formula for bile salts | show 🗑
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| Formula for lipase | show 🗑
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| Formula for peptidase | show 🗑
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| show | Maltose +H2O -> glucose + glucose
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| show | Produced by the pancreas, acts in the small intestine, optimum pH is neutral, turns starch to maltose
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| Maltase | show 🗑
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| Pepsin | show 🗑
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| Trypsin | show 🗑
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| show | Produced by the small intestine, acts in the small intestine, optimum pH is basic, turns peptides to amino acids
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| show | Produced in the pancreas, acts in the small intestine, optimum pH is basic, turns RNA and DNA to nucleotides
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| Nucleosidasis | show 🗑
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| show | Produced in the pancreas, acts in the small intestine, optimum pH is basic, turns fat droplets to glycerol and fatty acids
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| show | 37 degrees Celsius
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| pH of the stomach | show 🗑
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| pH of the small intestine | show 🗑
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| Stomach ulcers | show 🗑
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| show | Loose, watery feces. Acute is normally caused by infection (food poisoning). In all cases, the intestinal walls are irritated, less water is absorbed, and diarrhea helps rid of infectious organisms. Can lead to dehydration and salt imbalance.
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| show | Chronic diarrhea. Persistent inflammation of the intestine, resulting in abdominal cramping. Caused by misdirected immune response against one's own intestinal tissues
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| Constipation | show 🗑
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| show | Enlarged and inflamed blood vessels of the anus
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| show | Small growths in the epithelial lining. Detected during a colonoscopy. May be cancerous
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| show | May be caused by increased consumption of dietary fat. Certain bacteria may convert bile salts into substances that promote development of cancer
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| show | Inflammation of pancreas. May be caused by alcohol, gallstones that block the pancreatic duct. In chronic cases, digestive enzymes secreted by the pancreas damage pancreas and surrounding tissues. May cause diabetes by inhibiting insulin secretion.
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| Pancreatic cancer | show 🗑
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| Diabetes mellitus | show 🗑
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| show | Yellowing in the whites of the eyes, and skin. Can be caused be large amount of bilirubin the the blood (pigment from bile)
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| Hepatitus | show 🗑
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| show | Chronic disease of the liver, often seen in alcoholics as alcohol is a toxin to the liver. Liver is infiltrated with fat and liver tissue is replaced by scar tissue. Treatment is liver transplant
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| Gallstones | show 🗑
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