dtcc micro unit test 1
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| what is a microbe? | a small living thing that can only be seen with a microscope
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| What are some of the ways in which microbes interact with the environment? | photosynthesis
structure and content of soil, water, and atmosphere heat
flow of energy and food in ecosysytem
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| What are some of the ways, harmful and otherwise, in which microbes interact with humans? | bread, alcohol, cheese, treatment, cleaning up contamination
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| What is a pathogen? | microbes that cause disease
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| How prevalent are pathogens among microbes? | all over the world most common cause of death
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| What is the primary difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes | eukayrotic have nucleus and membrane organelles
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| what is a virus | an obligate intercellular parasites
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| what are some important characteristics of viruses | infect every type of cell
needed for evolution
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| How would you recognize a properly written scientific or binomial name | Escherichia coli. (italicized and underlined)
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| What do the two parts of that name indicate? | combination of genus and species name
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| What are the major groups of microbes? Which are prokaryotes and which are eukaryotes? | P- bacteria, e- protoza, e-fungi, e-algae, neither-viruses, p-archea
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| What are some characteristics of the major groups of microbes | domain, most distinct from each other (taxonimic)
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| What were the first types of organisms to appear on Earth | ancestor of bacteria, archea, eukaroytes
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| About how long did it take for more complex, multicellular organisms such as animals to evolve? | billions of years
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| What are the three domains of life? | bacteria, archaea, eukarya
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| List the ranks of the taxonomic hierarchy, from domain to species. Which level contains organisms that are most similar to one another | domain (most different)
kingdom
plylum of divison
class
order
family
genus
species (most similar)
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| Which contains organisms that are most different from one another? | domain
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| How is rRNA relevant in classification of organisms | rrna is different but nearly identical in species
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| Why is rrna used instead of DNA? | not really affected by evolution
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| Organisms that are not microbes are always what: prokaryotes or eukaryotes | Pro
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| bacteria minimum need | cell membrane, bacterial, chromosome (dna), ribosomes, cytoplasm
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| bioremediation is | ability to restore or clean up toxic pollutants
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| Genetic engineering? | Deliberately alters genetics of microbes
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| Taxonomy? | The science of classifying living things (to name)
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| Nomenclature? | The assignment of names to the taxonomic categories
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| Classification? | The arrangement of organisms into a hierarchy (kingdom)
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| Identification | The process of discovering and recording traits of organisms so they can be placed in the taxonomic
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| Phylogeny | How they relate to one another
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| How large are the smallest objects that can be seen by the human eye | 1mm
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| How large are the smallest objects that can be seen by the light microscope | 1(weird n) m
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| How large is a typical bacterium? | 1and 10 (weird n) m
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| How does this compare to a typical human cell | 1(weird n)m so bacteria is atleast 10x larger
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| What is magnification | The process of enlarging the appearance.
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| What is resolution | seeing clearly
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| How does the oil with immersion lens help? | Reduces light scatter and increases resolution
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| Which part of the microscope magnify the image | Lens
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| In a typical compound microscope what are the 2 lenses and where are they located? | Ocular and objective lens, located on the nose piece
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| What set of lens on a compound microscope be rotated in and out | Torret
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| How is total magnification calculated | objective x ocular
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| Define refractive | bending light as it passes from one medium to another
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| What Is contrast | Ability to dee an object from the background
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| Why is contrast important in forming a good image? | to be able to see the item fully
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| How can contrast be increased | by using the iris diaphragm to reduce the intensity of the light
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| Categorize the types of microscope by their light source. | visible lights, UV rays, electron beam,
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| What is each microscope best-suited to viewing | bacteria and parasites, human/animal cells.
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| What are some considerations when determining how a sample is to be prepared for microscopy? | living? what do you want to see? what microscope is available?
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| What are the advantages of live preparations (“wet mounts”) and fixed, stained specimens | observed as near to their natural state as possible, provide true assessment of the size, shape, arrangement, color, and motility of cells.
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| What are some options when making a live preparation | water, saline, or broth?
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| What is heat-fixing and what is the purpose of it | Kill organisms and adhere them to the slides being used so they can take on stains.
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| What is the purpose of staining | enhance visualization under light and electron microscopy
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| what are some disadvantages of live preparations (“wet mounts”) and fixed, stained specimens | you can not view for a long time and not able to view in greater cellular detail
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| Which type of stain has colored specimens and a clear background? | positive staining
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| What are the differences between simple stains and differential stains | simple- 1 dye
differential- 2 dyes
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| How do gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria appear under the microscope | positive purple negative red
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| What important microbe is detected by acid-fast staining | tuberculosis
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| Is India ink staining for capsules positive or negative staining | negative
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| How does flagellar staining work | enlarge flagella by coating outside then staining
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| Which type has a colored background and colorless specimens? | negative staining
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| ocular lenses | Magnify the image 10X.
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| body tube | Conducts light rays from objectives to oculars.
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| arm | Supports the upper part of the microscope. Use this and the base to carry the microscope.
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| nosepiece | Revolving plate used to change the objective lens being used.
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| objective lens | can be rotated in and out to give varying levels of magnification.
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| stage clips/ slide holder | Holds the slide securely in place on the stage.
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| Mechanical stage | The slide will rest on the stage.
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| condensor | Condenses light waves into a cone shape and controls the amount of light that passes through the slide.
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| Diaphragm closes | closes and opens the diaphragm
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| illuminator/ light source | Provides the light that will pass through the slide
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| fine focus adjustment knob | Used for final focusing. Use with high power and oil immersion.
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| coarse focus adjustment knob | raisinh or lower the stage.
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| base | Flat surface that rests on the table.
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| What structures do all bacterial cells have? | cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, DNA
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| Which structures do most bacterial cells have | cell wall
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| Which structures are only on certain bacterial cells | outer membrane
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| How large is a typical bacterium | 1-10 micrion
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| What are the principal bacterial shapes (hint – there are three) and what names do we use to designate them | rods, spirals, spheres
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| What is pleomorphism | due to individual vaiations in cell wall structure caused by nutritional or slight genetic differences
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| What are the terms used to describe grouped bacteria and variations on the principal bacterial shapes? | pleomorphic
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| What is a flagellum | a slender threadlike structure for swimming
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| Describe the motion of the flagellum | run and tumble
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| Name and describe the external bacterial flagellar arrangements. | Monotrichous (single) lophotrichous (small bunches same site)
smphitrichous ( both poles)
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| What are running and tumbling | run: counterclockwise smooth linear direction
tumble: reversal of direction cell to stop and change course
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| what is chemotaxis | movement of bacteria in response to chemical signals.
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| What are periplasmic flagella | spirichete (spiral/ corkscrew shape)
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| Which organisms have them flagalla? What type of motion do they produce? | corkscrew shape and unusual wriggly locomotion
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| What are pili and fimbriae? What are their functions | fimbriae: Small, bristle-like fibers sprouting off the surface of many bacterial cells.
Pilus – Long rigid, tubular structure made of a special protein ‘Pilin’.
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| What are nanotubes/nano wires? What is their function? | Thin, long tubular extensions of cytoplasmic membrane
Channels for nutrient or energy exchange
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| What are the two types of glycocalyx | slime layer
capsule
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| What is the glycocalyx composed of? | made by bacteria, epithelia, and other cells
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| What roles can the glycocalyx serve? | Performs protective, adhesive and receptor functions
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| What substance makes up the bacterial cell wall? | Peptidoglycan - Repeating framework of glycans
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Short peptide (protein) fragments
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| What macromolecules are combined in this substance? | peptidoglycan
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| How does damage to the cell wall affect a bacterium? | disrupts its integrity
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| Compare and contrast gram-positive and gram-negative cells. What features does each one have that the other one lacks? | positive: thick peptidoglycan, cell wall
negative: think peptidoglycan but is more felxible
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| Which type of bacterium has an outer membrane | gram negative
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| What medical effect does lipopolysaccharide (LPS) have? | produce endospores
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| In the Gram staining reaction, what does each step do? What happens if a given step is skipped? | cystal violet dye, then iodine solution, a decolorizer, the counterstain.. skipped then it will be purple
skipped may not get correct result
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| What are some options for atypical cell walls in bacteria and other prokaryotes? | mycobacterium, protein or polysaccharide,
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| What are the main components of the plasma/cytoplasmic membrane? What is its function and how does it accomplish this? | lipid bilayer with proteins.
atp synthesis
by holding enzymes
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| What is the difference between a chromosome and a plasmid? | plama is a non essential piece of double stranded DNA
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| What shape is the bacterial chromosome? where is it found? | circular
nucleoid in cytoplasm
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| What is the function of ribosomes? | protein synthesis
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| What designation is used for prokaryotic ribosomes? | are attractive target for drug design found in bacteria
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| What designation is used for eukaryotic ribosomes? | found in licing (animals, plants, fungi ect.)
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| What are the differences between an endospore and a vegetative cell? | endospore- stress non stable
vegetative- stable living conditions
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| What is the advantage of forming endospores | survive extreme conditions
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| Under what conditions do endospores form? | streesful conditions
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| What transforms them back into vegetative cells? | germination
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| What is the medical significance of endospores? | disease causing ability they can be pathogens
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| What are the primary differences between the two domains of prokaryotic cells? | bacteria are found everywhere
archaea found in unusual environments
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| Why are prokaryotes difficult to classify? | because they share charateristics
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| How do we account for variations in a species when classifying prokaryotes? | serotype, subspecies, strain, or type to designate bacteria of the same species that have differing characteristics.
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| Briefly explain the concept of “last common ancestor” as it relates to eukaryotic cells. | common ancestor is nether eu or pro
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| How have eukaryotic organisms changed over time? | aggregate and formed colonies evolved when individual cells lost the ability to survive on their own
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| Describe endosymbiotic theory. | a large host cell & bacteria could become dependent on one another for survival, resulting in a permanent relationship. Over millions of yrs of evolution, mitochondria & chloroplasts have become more specialized & today they cannot live outside the cell.
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| What major group of eukaryotes has flagella? | unikonts
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| How are eukaryotic flagella different from prokaryotic flagella? | protozoa
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| Describe the structure and function of cilia. | Cilia are slender, microscopic, hair-like structures or organelles
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| What are the differences between cilia and flagella? | flagella- single slide past each other
cilia- shorter and many, beat back and forth (oar strokes), feeding and filtering function
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| What are the functions of a eukaryotic glycocalyx? | Protection
Adherence to surface
Reception of signals from other cells and environment
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| Which eukaryotic groups have cell walls and which do not? | Do- fungi and algae
dont- protozoa and helminths
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| What are fungal cell walls made of? | Thick inner layer of polysaccharide fibers composed of chitin or cellulose
Thin outer layer of mixed glycans
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| Describe the general structure of the cytoplasmic membrane. What is its function? | Bilayer of phospholipids with proteins
separates the interior of a cell from its outside environment
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| What is a hyphae? | Long thread like cells found in the bodies of filamentous fungi or molds
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| How does hyphae relate to pseudohyphae? | both in molds/fungi/ attach to one another
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| What are the differences between mold and yeast? | yeast-Round oval shaped and undergoes asexual reproduction
mold- multicellular sexual or asexual
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| What term describes fungi that can switch between the two forms? | dimorphic
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| What are some clinically relevant aspects of fungi? | causes harms to humans
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| What are the active and inactive stages of a protozoan? | active/ trophozoite- feeding stage needs food and moisture
inactive/cyst- unfavorable environment stress environments no eating
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| What is the advantage of forming cysts? | resistant to heat and drying chemicals
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| Why are cysts clinically relevant? | spread diseases
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| What are the major groups of protozoans based on motility? | Amoeba (sarcodina/ Pseudopods
Ciliates (Cilophora)
Flagellates (Mastigophora)
Apicomplexans (Nonmotile)
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| What are the major groups of helminths? | flatworms and round worms
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| Briefly describe the helminth lifecycle. | egg, larva, adult.
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| describe nucleus | the central and most important part of an object, movement, or group, forming the basis for its activity and growth.
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| describe endoplasmic reticulum | a network of membranous tubules within the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell
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| define golgi apparatus | a complex of vesicles and folded membranes within the cytoplasm of most eukaryotic cells, involved in secretion and intracellular transport.
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| define lyosomes | an organelle in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells containing degradative enzymes enclosed in a membrane.
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| describe mitrochondria | in which the biochemical processes of respiration and energy production occur.
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| chloroplasts |
a plastid that contains chlorophyll and in which photosynthesis takes place.
(in green plant cells) a plastid that contains chlorophyll and in which photosynthesis takes place.
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| define ribosomes | They bind messenger RNA and transfer RNA to synthesize polypeptides and proteins.
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| define cytoskeleton | a microscopic network of protein filaments and tubules in the cytoplasm of many living cells, giving them shape and coherence.
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| When did eukaryotic cells first appear? | 2-3 billion years ago
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| when you miss a step on gram staining it will be | purple
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| gram staining is | differential
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| fungal had | chitin walls
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| staphyloccus aureus is a gram positive and | round shaped
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| stephyococcus shapes are | coccus, rod, bacillus or spiral
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| cocci are | oval shape
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| what is an organic molecule | molecule that must include at least both carbon and hydrogen
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| what is an inorganic molecule | molecule that does not contain both carbon and hydrogen
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