Sleep
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| recurrent, altered state of consciousness that occurs for sustained periods | sleep
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| 24-hour, day-night cycle known as | diurnal or circadian rhythm
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| _____________ affect all circadian rhythms, including seep-wake cycle | light & temperature
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| External factors such as _____________ also affect circadian rhythms. | social activities & temperature
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| natural secretion of ________________________ supports circadian Rhythm in sleep-wake cycle by helping to ensure a smooth transition from wakefulness to sleep | melatonin
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| Every person has a _____________ that is normally synchronized by exposure to light & activity. | biological clock
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| _____________ is synchronized w/other body functions | normal rhythm of sleep
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| Normal variations in _____________ correlate w/sleep-wake patterns. | body temperature
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| When sleep-wake cycle becomes _____________, other physiological functions change as well. | disrupted
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| Failure to obtain _____________ adversely affects a person's overall health. | sufficient sleep
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| The _____________ of the sleep-wake state depends on the interrelationship between _____________ that intermittently activated & suppress brain's higher centers to control sleep & wakefulness. | control & regulation; two cerebral mechanisms
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| The neurons in the _____________ maintain a state of wakefulness. | brain stem reticular formation
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| The neurons in the _____________ maintain a state of sleep. | parasympathetic control centers
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| As you fall asleep, stimuli to _____________ in the upper brain stem decline. | reticular activating system (RAS)
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| As you fall asleep, gradually the _____________ takes over, causing sleep. | bulbar synchronizing region (BSR)
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| Normal sleep involves two phases: | non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep & rapid eye movement (REM) sleep
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| During _____________ an individual progresses through four stages during a typical 90-minute sleep cycle. | NREM
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| The quality of sleep from stage _____________ becomes increasingly deep. | stage 1 through stage 4
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| Lighter sleep is characteristic of _____________, when a person is more easily arousable. | stages 1 & 2
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| _____________ involve a deeper sleep called slow-wave sleep from which a person is more difficult to arouse. | stages 3 & 4
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| _____________ sleep is phase at the end of each 90-minute sleep cycle. | REM
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| During _____________ sleep there is increased brain activity associated w/rapid eye movements & muscle atonia. | REM
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| _____________ sleep is not divided into stages. | REM
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| Normally an adult's routine sleep pattern begins w/_____________ during which the person is aware only of a gradually developing sleepiness. | pre-sleep period
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| Pre-sleep period normally lasts _____________. | 10 to 30 minutes
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| Individuals experiencing difficulty falling asleep often remain in _____________ for an hour or more. | pre-sleep period
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| Once asleep, the person usually passes through _____________ complete sleep cycles, each consisting of four stages of NREM sleep & a period of REM sleep. | four to six
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| The cyclical pattern of sleep usually progresses from stage 1 through stage 4 of NREM, followed by a _____________, ending with a period of REM sleep. | reversal from stage 4 to 3 to 2
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| With each successive cycle of sleep, _____________ sleep shorten & the period of _____________ lengthens. | stages 3 and 4 of NREM; REM
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| _____________ lasts up to 60 minutes during the last sleep cycle. | REM sleep
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| A sleeper fluctuates back & forth for short intervals between _____________ before entering REM sleep. | NREM stages 2, 3, & 4
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| The _____________ depends on the total amount of time that the person spends sleeping. | number of sleep cycles
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| The purpose of sleep is still unclear; one theory suggests that sleep is a time of _____________ for the next period of wakefulness. | restoration & preparation
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| During _____________ sleep, biological functions slow. | NREM
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| A healthy adult's normal heart rate throughout the day averages _____________ beats per minute. | 70 to 80
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| During sleep the heart rate normally falls to _____________ beats per minute or less, thus preserving cardiac function. | 60
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| Sleep is also a part of maintaining normal _____________ & optimal _____________. | biological processes; immune performance
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| During _____________ sleep, the body releases human growth hormone for the repair and renewal of epithelial and specialized cells such as brain cells. | NREM stage 4
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| _____________ and _____________ for the renewal of tissues also occur during rest and sleep. | protein synthesis; cell division
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| _____________ sleep appears to be important for cognitive restoration. | REM
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| Researchers associate REM sleep with changes in _____________ blood flow, increased _____________ activity, increased _____________ consumption, & _____________ release. | cerebral; cortical; oxygen; epinephrine
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| During REM sleep, the changes in cerebral blood flow, increased cortical activity, increased oxygen consumption, & epinephrine release assists with _____________ & _____________. | memory storage; learning
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| The dreams of _____________ sleep are more vivid & elaborate than those of _____________ sleep, and researchers believe them to be functionally important to the consolidation of long-term memory and emotional healing. | REM; NREM
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| _____________ dreams progress in content throughout the night from dreams about current events to emotional dreams of childhood or the past. | REM
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| _____________ help people sort out immediate concerns or erase certain fantasies or nonsensical memories. | dreams
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| B/c most dreams are _____________, many people have little dream recall & do not believe they dream at all. | forgotten
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| To remember a dream, a person must _____________ about it on awakening. | consciously think
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| People who recall dreams vividly usually awaken just after a period of _____________ sleep. | REM
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| The neonate & infant up to the age of 3 months average about _____________ of sleep a day. | 16 hours
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| Approximately _____________ of neonate's/infant's sleep is REM sleep, which stimulates the higher brain centers. | 50%
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| Infants usually develop a nighttime pattern of sleep by _____________ of age. | 3 months
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| Infants sometimes take several naps during the day but usually sleep an average of _____________ during the night. | 9 to 11 hours
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| Infants spend about _____________ of sleep time in the REM cycle. | 30%
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| By the age of _____________, children usually sleep through the night and take daily naps. | 2 years
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| Total sleep for 2 year-olds averages _____________ a day. | 12 hours
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| Some children stop taking naps altogether at _____________. | age 3
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| The percentage of _____________ sleep continues to fall as the toddler grows. | REM
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| _____________ are often unwilling to go to bed at night. | toddlers
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| A preschooler sleeps an average of _____________ a night with about _____________ is REM. | 12 hours; 20%
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| By the age of _____________, the preschooler rarely takes daytime naps except in cultures where a siesta is the custom. | 5
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| The _____________ usually has difficulty relaxing or quieting down after long, active days. | preschooler
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| A _____________ also has problems with bedtime fears, waking during the night, and nightmares. | preschooler
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| The _____________ child usually does not require a nap. | school-age
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| A _____________ averages 11 to 12 hours of sleep nightly. | 6-year-old
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| An 11-year-old averages about _____________ hours of sleep nightly. | 9 to 10
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| Encouraging quiet activities usually persuades the _____________ to go to bed. | 6- or 7-year old
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| The _____________ often resists sleeping b/c of an unawareness of fatigue or a need to be independent. | older child
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| Adolescents need between _____________ of sleep. | 8.5 & 9.5 hours
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| Although sleep needs should go up, typical teenagers get about _____________ of sleep per night. | 7.5 hours
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| School demands, after-school social activities, & part-time jobs _____________ time for sleep. | lessen
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| _____________ go to bed later & rise earlier during the high school years. | Teens
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| B/c of lifestyle demands that shorten the time available for sleep & physiological needs, teens often experience _____________. | excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS)
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| Poor school performance, vulnerability to accidents, behavioral problems, & increased use of alcohol & stimulants are the result of _____________ due to insufficient sleep. | EDS
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| Most _____________ average 6 to 8.5 hours of sleep a night, but this varies. | young adults
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| _____________ rarely take regular naps. | young adults
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| Young adults spend approximately _____________ of sleep time in REM sleep, which remains consistent throughout the remainder of life. | 20%
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| During _____________ the total time spent sleeping at night begins to decline. | middle adulthood
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| The amount of _____________ begins to fall during middle adulthood and a decline that continues with advancing age. | stage 4 sleep
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| More than 50% of persons _____________ report regular problems with sleep. | age 65 or older
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| Older adults spend more time in _____________ and have less _____________ sleep. | stage 1; stage 3 & stage 4 NREM
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| Some older adults have almost no _____________, or deep sleep. | NREM stage 4
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| Episodes of _____________ sleep tend to shorten as an older adult. | REM
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| _____________ awaken more often during the night, and it takes more time for them to fall asleep. | older adults
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| Older adult _____________ (the amount of time asleep given the amount of time in bed) is reduced. | sleep efficiency
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| _____________ increase the number of naps taken during the day. | older adults
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| Often _____________ do not feel refreshed after sleeping. | older adults
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| Tests show that older adults do not have an _____________ for sleep, but have a reduction in the ability to sleep. | increased need
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| As people age, their circadian clock advances, causing _____________. | advanced sleep phase syndrome
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| _____________ is common in older adults and often is the reason behind the complaint of waking early in the morning and being unable to get back to sleep. | advanced sleep phase syndrome
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| People with _____________ get sleepy early in the evening say around 8 or 9 pm and wake up around 4 or 5 am. | advanced sleep phase syndrome
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| When people with _____________ stay up until their customary 10 or 11 pm, their bodies still awaken at 4 or 5 am. | advanced sleep phase syndrome
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| A number of factors affect the quantity and quality of sleep; often more than one factor combined to cause a sleep problem. | physical, psychological, & environmental
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| Any _____________ that causes pain, difficulty breathing, nausea, or mood problems such as anxiety or depression can result in sleep problems | illness or condition
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| Individuals with a _____________ have trouble falling or staying asleep. | physical illness
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| _____________ also force patients to sleep in positions to which they are unaccustomed. | illnesses
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| A considerable number of _____________ cause either sleepiness, insomnia, or fatigue as a side effect. | drugs
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| _____________ prescribed for sleep often cause more problems than benefits. | medications
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| _____________ is a natural protein found in foods such as milk, cheese, and meats & sometimes helps a person sleep. | L-Tryptophan
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| _____________ is a precursor, or forerunner, to the neurotransmitter serotonin, which has a role in the sleep-wake cycle. | L-Tryptophan
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| A persons' daily routine influences sleep patterns. | lifestyle
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| An individual who alternately works _____________ often has difficulty adjusting to the altered sleep schedule. | day and night shifts
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| Other alterations in routine that disrupt sleep patterns include performing _____________, engaging in _____________, & changing _____________. | heavy work or exercise; late-night social activities; evening mealtime
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| On average, adults sleep _____________ per nights on weeknights & _____________ hours per night on weekends. | 7 to 7.5 hours; 8 or more
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| Many Americans suffer from _____________ and experience _____________ during the day. | sleep deprivation; EDS (excessive daytime sleepiness)
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| _____________ often results in impairment of waking function, poor work or school performance, accidents while driving or using equipment, and behavioral or emotional problems. | EDS
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| _____________ are usually most intense upon awakening from sleep or right before going to sleep and about 12 hours after the mid-sleep period. | Feelings of sleepiness
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| Persons who temporarily experience sleep deprivation as a result of an active social evening or lengthened work schedule usually feel sleepy the _____________. | next day
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| _____________ is much more serious than temporary sleep deprivation and causes serious alterations in the ability to perform daily activities. | chronic lack of sleep
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| _____________ is most difficult to overcome during sedentary tasks (e.g., driving). | EDS
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| The _____________ in which a person sleep has significant influence on the ability to fall and remain asleep. | physical environment
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| Good _____________, a comfortable _____________, and a _____________ lit room are essential for restful sleep. | ventilation; temperature; darkened or softly
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| The _____________, _____________, and _____________ of a bed also affect sleep quality. | size; firmness; position
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| _____________ are often harder than those at home. | hospital beds
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| If a person usually sleeps with another individual, sleeping alone during times of illness causes _____________. | wakefulness
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| Sleeping with a _____________ bed partner also disrupts sleep. | restless or snoring
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| _____________ affects sleep activity by decreasing REM activity. | noise
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| _____________ easily disturbs older adults' sleep b/c most of their sleep is in lighter sleep stages. | noise
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| In _____________, noise created by caregivers, equipment, and other patients causes a problem for patients. | health care facilities
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| Some persons require _____________ to fall asleep, whereas others prefer _____________ such as soft music or television. | silence; background noise
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| Noise in _____________ is usually new or strange to the patient. | health care facilities
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| The _____________ is one of the loudest, where close proximity of patients, noise from confused and ill patients, and ringing of alarm systems and telephones make the environment very disruptive. | intensive care setting
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| A person who is moderately fatigued usually achieves restful sleep, especially if the fatigue results from _____________. | enjoyable work or exercise
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| Completing _____________ within 2 hours or more before bedtime allows the body to cool down and maintains a state of fatigue that promotes relaxation. | vigorous exercise
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| _____________ right before bedtime interferes with sleep onset duet to increased body temperature. | vigorous exercise
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| _____________ resulting from exhausting or stressful work makes falling asleep difficult. | Excess fatigue
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| Eating a large, heavy, and/or spicy meal within _____________ of bedtime sometimes results in indigestion that interferes with sleep. | 3 to 4 hours
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| _____________ consumed in the evening has insomnia-producing and diuretic effects. | Alcohol
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| Coffee, tea, cola, and chocolate contain _____________ that cause sleeplessness as a result of CNS stimulation. | caffeine and xanthines
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| Weigh gain contributes to _____________ due to increased size of the soft tissue structures in the upper airway. | obstructive sleep apnea
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| Weigh loss causes _____________ and decreased amounts of sleep. | insomnia
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| Certain sleep disorders are the result of the _____________ popular in a weight-conscious society. | semi-starvation diets
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| _____________ are conditions that, if untreated, cause disturbed nighttime sleep that results in one of three problems: insomnia, abnormal movements or sensation during sleep or when awakening at night; or excessive daytime sleepiness. | sleep disorders
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| _____________ is a symptom experienced by patients who have chronic difficulty falling asleep, frequent awakenings from sleep, and/or a short sleep or non-restorative sleep. | insomnia
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| The person with _____________ complains of EDS, as well as insufficient quantity and quality of sleep. | insomnia
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| _____________ sometimes signals an underlying physical or psychological disorder. | insomnia
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| Often people experience _____________ insomnia as a result of situational stresses such as work or family problems. | transient or temporary
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| A temporary case of _____________ caused by a stressful event has the ability to lead to chronic difficulty in obtaining sufficient sleep. | insomnia
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| _____________ is often associated with poor sleep habits. | insomnia
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| During the day a person with _____________ feels sleepy, fatigued, depressed, and anxious. | chronic insomnia
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| _____________, such as improved sleep hygiene measures, biofeedback, and relaxation techniques, at the symptoms. | direct treatments
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| _____________ is a disorder in which the individual is unable to breathe and sleep at the same time. | sleep apnea
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| During _____________ there is a lack of airflow through eh nose and mouth for periods from 10 seconds to 1 to 2 minutes in length. | sleep apnea
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| There are three types of _____________: obstructive, central, & mixed apnea, which has both an obstructive and a central component. | sleep apnea
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| _____________ is a cessation or stopping of airflow despite the effort to breathe. | obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)
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| _____________ occurs when muscles or soft structures of the oral cavity or throat relax during sleep; the upper airway becomes partially or completely blocked and nasal airflow diminishes or stops. | obstructive sleep apnea
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| _____________ such as a deviated septum, nasal polyps, narrow lower jaw, or enlarged tonsils sometimes predispose a patient to obstructive apnea. | structural abnormalities
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| Cessation of diaphragmatic and intercostal respiratory effort causes _____________. | central sleep apnea
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| _____________ is a result of dysfunction of the brain's respiratory control center. | central sleep apnea
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| _____________ is found in patients with congestive heart failure, brain stem injury, muscular dystrophy, and encephalitis, as well as in people who breathe normally during the day. | central sleep apnea
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| _____________ is the least common sleep apnea. | central sleep apnea
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| EDS is the most common complaint of people with _____________. | obstructive sleep apnea
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| Patients with _____________ are at risk for cardiac dysrhythmias, right heart failure, pulmonary hypertension, angina attacks, stroke, & hypertension. | obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)
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| Treatment for _____________ includes therapy for underlying cardiac, respiratory, or emotional problems. | sleep apnea
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| The treatment of choice is use of a _____________ device at night. | nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)
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| The _____________ pushes positive air pressure into the airway in an attempt to reduce the apnea periods the patient experiences during sleep by serving a s splint for the airway. | CPAP machine
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| _____________ is a CNS dysfunction of mechanisms that regulate sleep and wake states. | narcolepsy
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| _____________ is the most common complaint associated with narcolepsy. | EDS
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| There are two _____________ states: with or without cataplexy. | narcolepsy
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| _____________ is a sudden muschle weakness during intense emotions such as anger or laughter that occurs at any time during the day. | cataplexy
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| If the _____________ is severe, the patient loses voluntary muscle control and falls to the floor. | cataplectic attack
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| A person with _____________ often falls asleep uncontrollably at inappropriate times. | narcolepsy
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| _____________ can be misunderstood for laziness, lack of interest in activities, or drunkenness. | narcolepsy
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| _____________ is a problem many patients have as a result of a sleep disorder. | sleep deprivation
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| Causes of _____________ include illness, emotional stress, medications, environmental disturbances, and variability in the timing of sleep as a result of shift work. | sleep deprivation
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| _____________ occurs from insufficient sleep or disrupted sleep. | sleep deprivation
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| Hospitalization, especially in _____________, makes patients vulnerable to the circadian sleep disorders. | intensive care units
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| _____________ involves decreases in the quantity and quality of sleep, as well as inconsistency in the timing of sleep. | sleep deprivation
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| When it comes to _____________, some patients experience a variety of physiological and psychological symptoms such as blurred vision, decreased reflexes, slow response time, cardiac arrhythmias, confusion, and irritability. | sleep deprivation
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| The most effective treatment for _____________ is elimination or correction of factors that disrupt the sleep pattern. | sleep deprivation
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| The _____________ are sleep disorders that produce abnormal sleep movements, behaviors, emotions, perceptions, and dreaming as a result of autonomic nervous system changes and skeletal muscle activity during sleep. | parasomnias
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