Advanced issues in Fluency Disorders
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| what is a fluency disorder? | An interruption in the flow of speaking characterized by atypical rate, rhythm, and repetitions in sounds, syllables, words, and phrases. This may be accompanied by excessive tension struggle behaviors & secondary mannerisms
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| What are the four variables of fluency? | Continuity, smoothness, rate, effort
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| interruptions in fluency can be.... | motor, linguistic, cognitive, emotional
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| What is an event definition? | focuses on defining stuttering in terms of the presence of primary or core disfluency types and the secondary behaviors
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| What is a disorder based definition? | takes into account multidimensional character of developmental stuttering; stuttering involves more than the overt aspects of speech production
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| What are the abnormal disfluencies? | blocks, sound prolongations, part word repetition
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| what are the normal disfluencies? | word filler, phrase repetitions, interjections, hesitations
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| what disfluency can be considered normal and abnormal? | whole word repetition
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| what is motor fluency? | speech coordination variables related to fluency in a person who stutters
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| what is linguistic fluency? | lexical, syntactic, or semantic variables related to fluency in a foreign language speaker or clutterer
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| What is the age of onset for developmental stuttering? | typically 2-3.5 years old, some rare cases up to 12
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| Onset of stuttering in adolescence and adults is likely what kind of stuttering? | neurogenic or psychogenic
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| what is the gender ratio for developmental stuttering | 3 boys: 1 girl, (may increase with age)
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| what gender has a greater risk of persistent developmental stuttering? | boys
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| which gender recovers more quickly from developmental stuttering? | girls
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| what are core behaviors? | the disfluencies (blocks prolongations etc)
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| what are secondary behaviors? | behavioral compensation used to limit exposure of stuttering to listeners, includes escape and avoidance behaviors
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| what percent of developmental stutterers have a natural recovery? | 20-80%
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| why do some children naturally recover from stuttering? | they have a more stable (less variable) speech motor system, good phonological skills, slower rate, and mother whose interaction style was non directive and less complex in terms of language
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| what are constitutional factors? | factors associated with the physical or biological makeup of a person who stutters
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| what are some examples of constitutional factors? | hereditary factors, congenital and early childhood factors, brain structure and function, sensory processing, sensory motor control, language, emotional factors
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| why is it important to know constitutional factors in assessment and treatment? | it helps the clinician not only understand the nature of stuttering but it also provides clues to variables to probe when assessing and treating future clients
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| what precautions must be considered when interpreting findings associated with indirect research? | differences between groups may be the result of stuttering and not the cause of stuttering
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| What has been determined from family studies? | stuttering appear to be inherited
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| What factors predict natural recovery from family studies? | females, early onset, family history, good intelligence, language skills, good articulation
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| if a child has a stutter and a langue disorder what should treatment look like? | It should target language
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| What was found about stuttering in children from twin pairs? | compared to fraternal same sex twins, identical twins were more likely to both stutter if one did but there are still many identical twin pairs in which one will stutter but the other won't
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| what was the overall finding from twin studies? | there is a difference in what causes stuttering versus what maintains stuttering
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| what was the finding of adoption studies? | there were mixed results in relative and adoptive stuttering family members, but heredity had a slightly larger role
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| what was found about genes and stuttering? | 7 chromosomes were identified, 1 carried 3 mutations (one of which was associated with motor control and emotional regulation)
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| what percent of PWS have a family history of stuttering? | 30-60%
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| what percent of PWS do NOT have a family history of stuttering? | 40-70%
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| what are congenital factors? | trauma occurring at or near birth
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| what did brain imaging studies show about stuttering? | over activation of several right hemisphere areas during speech and deactivation of left auditory cortex during stuttering
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