A&P - Wk 7
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| show | innate (nonspecific) defense system
adaptive (specific) defense system
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| show | innate (nonspecific) defense system
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| Which defense system attacks particular foreign substances and takes its time and provides the body's third line of defense? | show 🗑
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| What is the hallmark of the second line of defense of the innate defense system? | show 🗑
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| Which line of defense in the innate defense system uses antimicrobial proteins, phagocytes, and other cells to inhibit the invaders' spread? | show 🗑
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| show | external body membranes - intact skin and mucosae
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| What are the 'structures' of the immune system? | show 🗑
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| The innate defenses reduce the workload of the adaptive system how? | show 🗑
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| What skin secretion contains chemicals that are toxic to bacteria and inhibit its growth? | show 🗑
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| What secretes a concentrated hydrochloric acid solution and protein-digesting enzyme that kill microorganisms? | show 🗑
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| What secretion contains lysozyme? | show 🗑
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| show | the internal innate defenses come into play
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| Where do the chief phagocytes (macrophages) derive from? | show 🗑
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| show | free macrophages
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| show | fixed macrophages
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| How do eosinophils defend against parasitic worms? | show 🗑
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| What is a phagosome fused with a lysosome? | show 🗑
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| show | adherence-the phagocyte must first adhere or cling to the pathogen
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| show | opsonization
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| show | respiratory burst, an event that liberates a deluge of free radicals with potent cell-killing ability
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| What is more widespread cell killing accomplished by? | show 🗑
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| What is another mechanism of killing triggered by the respiratory burst involving K+? | show 🗑
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| What do phagocytes do to kill their targets when the target is too big to ingest? | show 🗑
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| Macrophages are not destroyed in the process of killed ingested or extracellular targets, but which WBC is destroyed in the process? | show 🗑
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| What is a unique group of defensive cells that can lyse and kill cancer cells and virus-infected body cells before the adaptive immune system is activated? | show 🗑
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| NK cells are part of a small group of large granular lymphocytes and are sometimes called the _______ of the defense system. | show 🗑
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| show | by detecting the lack of "self" cell surface receptors and by recognizing certain surface sugars on the target cell
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| Are NK cells phagocytic? | show 🗑
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| When is the inflammatory response triggered? | show 🗑
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| What 3 beneficial effects does the inflammatory response provide? | show 🗑
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| What are the 4 cardinal signs of short-term, or acute, inflammation? | show 🗑
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| show | joint movement to allow the joint to rest, which aids healing
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| show | impairment of function
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| show | Toll-like receptors (TLRs)
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| show | Toll-like receptors (TLRs)
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| How many types of TLRs have been identified, each recognizing a specific class of attacking microbe? | show 🗑
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| Once activated, a TLR triggers the release of chemicals called cytokines that promote inflammation and attract what to the scene? | show 🗑
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| show | Mast cells, a key component of the inflammatory response, release the potent inflammatory chemical histamine
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| What do the following have in common? injured and stressed tissue cells, phagocytes, lymphocytes, basophils, and blood proteins | show 🗑
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| show | histamine, cytokines, kinins, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and complement
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| show | dilate, accounting for the redness and heat of an inflamed region
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| What is the condition called where blood flows into an injured area causing head and redness? | show 🗑
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| What is fluid containing clotting factors and antibodies that seeps from the blood into the tissue spaces? | show 🗑
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| show | exudate
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| show | pain
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| show | by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis
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| show | streptococcus
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| show | B-defensins
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| What broad-spectrum antimicrobial chemicals are continuously present in epithelial mucosal cells in small amounts to help maintain sterile environment of the body's internal passageways? | show 🗑
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| show | when the mucosal surface is abraded or penetrated and tissues become inflamed
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| show | complement
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| What chemicals released by injured cells promote rapid release of neutrophils from red bone marrow? | show 🗑
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| show | an increase of WBCs; characteristic of inflammation
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| In inflamed areas, endothelial cells sprout cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) called what? | show 🗑
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| show | footholds (place to hold onto)
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| What is the phenomenon of complementary CAMs uniting, the neutrophils clinging to the inner walls of the capillaries and postcapillary venules? | show 🗑
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| show | diapedesis or emigration
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| show | chemotactic agents, that attract the neutrophils and other WBCs to the site of the injury
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| show | macrophages
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| What predominates at sites of prolonged, or chronic inflammation? | show 🗑
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| What is the ultimate goal of an inflammatory response? | show 🗑
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| What is a mixture of dead or dying neutrophils, broken down tissue cells, and living and dead pathogens called? | show 🗑
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| What forms if the inflammatory mechanism fails to clear the area of debris, and the sac of pus becomes walled off by collagen fibers? | show 🗑
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| show | surgical draining
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| show | infectious granulomas
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| show | antimicrobial proteins
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| show | interferons and complement proteins
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| show | invading tissue cells and taking over the cellular metabolic machinery needed to reproduce themselves
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| What do virus-infected cells do to try to protect nearby uninfected cells? | show 🗑
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| Is IFN protection virus specific? | show 🗑
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| What are IFNs? | show 🗑
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| What type of interferon do lymphocyes secrete? | show 🗑
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| show | alpha interferon
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| What secretes beta interferon? | show 🗑
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| Interferon beta and alpha reduce what? | show 🗑
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| Interferons have an antiviral effect and also activate ________ and mobilize ____ cells. | show 🗑
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| show | true
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| What is used to treat genital warts (caused by human papillomavirus) and hepatitis C (the most common and serious form of hepatitis)? | show 🗑
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| show | beta
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| show | complement system or complement
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| show | True
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| show | complement
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| The activation of what unleashes chemical mediators that amplify virtually all aspects of the inflammatory process? | show 🗑
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| What is an effect of complement on bacteria? | show 🗑
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| show | nonspecific, but it enhances the effectiveness of both innate and adaptive defenses
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| show | classical pathway
alternative pathway
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| Which complement activation method involves antibodies that the adaptive immune system produces to fight off foreign invaders? | show 🗑
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| What is the step called complement fixation in the classical pathway complement activation method? | show 🗑
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| When is the alternative pathway triggered? | show 🗑
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| show | MAC (membrane attack complex)
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| show | C-reactive protein (CRP)
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| Fever is a stystemic response to the invasion of microorganisms | show 🗑
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| show | chemical called pyrogens, secreted by leukocytes and macrophages exposed to foreign substance in the body
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| How does fever help to keep bacteria from multiplying? | show 🗑
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| show | the body's built-in specific defensive system that stalks and eliminates with nearly equal precision almost any pathogen
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| What are 3 important aspects of the adaptive immune response? | show 🗑
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| What is provided by B cells present in the body's 'humors', or fluids (blood, lymph)? | show 🗑
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| show | cellular immunity or cell-mediated immunity, because the protective factor is living cells
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| show | cellular targets-virus infected or parasite-infected tissue cells, cancer cells, and cells of foreign grafts
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| show | true
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| Substances that can mobilize the immune system and provoke an immune response are called what? | show 🗑
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| show | intruders, or nonself
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| What 2 important functions do 'complete antigens' serve? | show 🗑
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| Of foreign proteins, many large polysaccharides, and some lipids and nucleic acids, which of these complete antigens are the strongest? | show 🗑
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| Substances whose surfaces bear many different foreign macromolecules, ie pollen grains and microorganisms, such as bacteria, fungi, and virus particles,are all considered what? | show 🗑
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| show | Not unless they link up with the body's own proteins and are recognized as foreign and an attack is mounted by the adaptive immune system
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| What is a troublesome small molecule that links up with the body's own proteins? | show 🗑
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| Haptens have reactivity but not immunogenicity unless attached to what? | show 🗑
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| show | poison ivy, animal dander, detergents, cosmetics, certain drugs esp penicillin, and some household and industrial products
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| The ability of a molecule to act as an antigen depends on what 2 things? | show 🗑
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| Only certain parts of an entire antigen are immunogenic. What are these parts called? | show 🗑
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| show | Because they have many identical, regularly repeating units making them not chemically complex
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| Our own body's antigens are not foreign or antigenic, so why are they strongly antigenic to other individuals? | show 🗑
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| What are the 2 major groups of major histocompataility complexes (MHC) proteins? | show 🗑
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| What are the 3 crucial cell types of the adaptive immune system that have 2 distinct populations of lymphocytes, and antigen-presenting cells (APCs)? | show 🗑
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| What is the ability of a lymphocyte to recognize its one specific antigen by binding to it called? | show 🗑
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| show | self-tolerance
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| show | in the thymus
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| show | in the bone marrow
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| show | recognize and bind to a specific antigen
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| The receptors on B cells are membrane-bound what? | show 🗑
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| show | the same gene superfamily
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| show | to bind MHC molecules and the T cell must not react strongly to self-antigens normally in the body
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| show | positive selection, which occurs in the thymic cortex
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| show | they are eliminated by apoptosis (programmed cell death) and is called negative selection
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| show | in the inner edge of the thymic cortex
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| What does negative selection ensure? | show 🗑
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| show | 2%
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| Two methods used in self-reactive B cells are? | show 🗑
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| show | anergy
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| show | naive
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| Where are naive T and B cells exported to? | show 🗑
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| What must occur before naive lymphocytes can complete their differentiation into fully functional T and B cells? | show 🗑
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| show | genes
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| What is the process of shuffling and combining gene segments in different ways by each lymphocyte as it become immunocompetent? | show 🗑
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| What is the major role of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in immunity? | show 🗑
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| What are the major types of cells acting as APCs? | show 🗑
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| Lymphocytes, esp T cells, account for what % of bloodborne lymphocytes? | show 🗑
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| show | clonal selection.
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| show | the oral and nasal cavities
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| show | bloodborne antigens
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| Why are dendritic cells the most effective antigen presenters? | show 🗑
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| Dendritic cells are a key link between which immunities? | show 🗑
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| The adaptive immune system uses lymphocytes, APCs, and specific molecules to id and destroy all substances-living and non-living- that are not recognized as self | show 🗑
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| show | the antigen challenge
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| show | the humoral immune response, where antibodies are produced against the challenger
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| When is an immunocompetent but naive B lymphocyte activated (stimulated to complete its differentiation)? | show 🗑
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| show | clonal selection
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| What do most cells of the clone become? | show 🗑
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| Plasma cells develop the elaborate internal machinery needed to secrete antibodies at the rate of about ___ molecules per second | show 🗑
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| show | true
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| show | memory cells
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| show | the primary immune response, occurs on 1st exposure to particular antigen
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| What is the lag period of the primary response after the antigen challenge? | show 🗑
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| show | secondary immune response
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| show | because immune system has already been primed to the antigen and memory cells are already in place and provide immunological memory
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| What is a titer? | show 🗑
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| When B cells encounter antigens and produce antibodies against them, what is being exhibited? | show 🗑
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| show | when you get a bacterial or viral infection, during which time you may develop symptoms of the disease
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| show | natural and passive
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| show | antibodies are harvested from serum of an immune donor
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| show | naturally, ie a baby receives all the antigens to which the mother has been exposed; and artificially, ie a serum such as gamma globulin, administered after exposure to hepatitis
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| show | because these diseases would kill a person before active immunity could be established
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| Antibodies are also called what and constitute the gamma globulin part of blood proteins? | show 🗑
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| How many amino acids are contained in the 2 heavy chains of the antibody structure? | show 🗑
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| show | antibody monomer
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| show | an antigen binding site shaped to 'fit' a specific antigenic determinant
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| show | the C regions that form its stem; they are called the effector regions of the antibody
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| show | 1) the cells and chemicals the antibody can bind to
2) how the antibody class functions in antigen elimination
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| show | on the basis of the C regions in their heavy chains
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| show | IgD, IgG, and IgE
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| What is a dimer? | show 🗑
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| Which is the largest antibody? | show 🗑
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| show | it is the first antibody class released to the blood by plasma cells
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| show | it is the most abundant antibody in plasma and the only Ig class that crosses the placental barrier
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| show | it is found primarily in mucus and other secretions that bathe body surfaces and plays a major role in preventing pathogens from gaining entry into the body
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| What is the biological role and location of IgD? | show 🗑
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| show | it is found in minute quantities in some allergies
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| show | They inactivate them and tag them for destruction
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| What are the defense mechanisms used by antibodies and which 2 are most important? | show 🗑
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| What is the simplest effector mechanism and occurs when antibodies block specific sites on viruses or bacterial exotoxins? | show 🗑
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| show | agglutination (clumping)of the foreign cells
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| show | precipitation
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| What is the chief antibody ammunition used against cellular antigens, such as bacteria or mismatched red blood cells? | show 🗑
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| Easy way to remember how antibodies work: | show 🗑
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| show | monoclonal antibodies
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| show | by fusing tumor cells and B lymphocytes resulting in a cell hybrid, called hybridomas
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| show | pregnancy, certain stds, some cancer, hepatitis and rabies
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| show | leukemia and lymphomas, cancers present in circulation
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| show | monoclonal antibodies
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| show | No, only pathogens
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| show | CD4 or CD8
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| show | CD4 cells; primarily helper T cells (TH)
CD8 cells; cytotoxic T cells (Tc), which destroy any cells that harbor anything foreign
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| When is the only time antibodies invade solid tissues? | show 🗑
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| Class I MHC proteins are displayed by virtually all body cells except? | show 🗑
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| What are the 2 types of MHC proteins important to T cell activation? | show 🗑
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| show | at the endoplasmic reticulum
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| What are the transport proteins called that transfer class I MHC proteins into the ER from the cytosol? | show 🗑
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| What are endogenous antigens? | show 🗑
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| What are 2 examples of endogenous antigens? | show 🗑
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| show | They provide the means for signaling to cytotoxic T cells that infectious microorganisms are hiding in body cells
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| Where are class II MHC proteins typically found? | show 🗑
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| show | a protein bound by class II MHC molecule while still in the ER
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| How many polypeptide chains does a T cell antigen receptor (TCR) have? | show 🗑
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| What is the constraint of the helper and cytotoxic T cells called, that helps the class of MHC protein deliver the activation signal? | show 🗑
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| What type of antigens do Helpter T cells (CD4) bind to? | show 🗑
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| show | by antigen fragments complexed with class I MHC proteins on surfaces of APCs
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| What must a T cell do before it can proliferate and form a clone? | show 🗑
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| How is active natural immunity acquired? | show 🗑
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| show | antibodies pass from mother to fetus via placenta; or to infant in her milk
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| How is active artificial immunity acquired? | show 🗑
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| show | injection of immune serum (gamma globulin)
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| What is the basic antibody structure? (Based on IgG) | show 🗑
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| show | Macrophages and phagocytes
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| What engulf antigens and place their fragments on the surface of their cells to "flag" the T-cells that their defensive actions are needed by the body | show 🗑
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| What is the group of mediators that influence cell development, differentiation, and responses in the immune system and are chemical messengers involved in cellular immunity? | show 🗑
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| What are 2 types of cytokines? | show 🗑
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| show | macrophages
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| show | T cells to liberate interleukin 2 (IL-2) and to synthesize more IL-2 receptors
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| What is IL-2? | show 🗑
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| How is IL-2 used therapeutically? | show 🗑
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| show | Helper T cells
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| show | by binding to an antigen-containing MHC protein displayed on the surface of an antigen presenting cell (APC)
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| show | a co-stimulatory signal
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| show | directly attack and kill infected cells and cancer cells
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| Regulatory T cells help to maintain tolerance where? | show 🗑
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| What is released by Th cells and mobilized lymphocytes and macrophages and attracts other types of white blood cells to the area and amplified innate defenses? | show 🗑
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| What do cytotoxic T cells attack? | show 🗑
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| show | cytolytic T cells
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| show | perforin and granzymes
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| What part of the target cell do the perforins insert themselves into? | show 🗑
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| show | stimulates the target cell to undergo apoptosis
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| show | macrophages and indirectly enhance the killing process
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| show | immune surveillance
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| Why are regulatory T cells (Treg) important in preventing autoimmune reactions? | show 🗑
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| show | in the intestinal epithelium
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| show | they have a different type of T cell receptor and recognize markers expressed by stressed or damaged cells and their large granular appearance
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| IMPORTANT!!!! What would happen if there were no helper T cells? | show 🗑
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| show | AIDS
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| show | tissue grafts from one body site to another in the same person
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| show | grafts from one patient to another that is genetically identical (identical twins)
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| show | grafts transplanted from individuals that are not genetically identical but are from the same species
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| show | grafts taken from one species to another
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| Which are the most successful organ transplants? | show 🗑
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| What is the most common and the most problematic graft type? | show 🗑
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| show | corticosteroid drugs to suppress inflammation;
antiproliferative drugs
immunosuppressant drugs
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| What is the most common cause of death in transplant patients and why? | show 🗑
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| What is any congenital or aacquired condition that causes immune cells, phagocytes, or complement to behave abnormally? | show 🗑
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| What are the most devastating congenital conditions called? | show 🗑
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| show | a marked deficit of B and T cells
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| show | Hodgkins disease, an acquired immunodeficiency
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