ESC1000 - All the Questions From Exam 2
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| What does a volcanologist call molten rock before it reaches the surface? A. intrusive blocks B. effluent C. intrusive bombs D. magma | show 🗑
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| What does a planetary volcanologist call molten rock flowing on the surface of Io, a moon of Jupiter? A. intrusive blocks, B. lava, C. intrusive bombs, D. magma | show 🗑
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| The most abundant type of rock in the oceanic crust is the igneous rock known as _____ , but the most abundant type of rock in the continental crust is the igneous rock known as _____. A. basalt…sandstone, B. basalt…shale, C. granite…basalt, D. basalt…granite | show 🗑
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| The term that is synonymous with extrusive igneous rock is _____, but the terms that are synonymous with intrusive igneous rock is _____. A. plutonic rock…volcanic rock, B. plutonic rock…sedimentary rock, C. volcanic rock…plutonic rock | show 🗑
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| show | D. A, B and C are correct
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| The igneous rock known as _____ has a _____ texture.A. rhyolite…aphanitic, B. andesite…aphanitic, C. basalt…aphanitic, D. A, B and C are correct | show 🗑
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| show | C. aphanitic
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| An igneous rock with two different crystal sizes has a ____ texture. This texture indicates two cooling periods, usually one below the surface, and then one cooling period at the surface during the eruption. A. vesicular, B. glassy, C. aphanitic, D. phaneritic, E. porphyritic | show 🗑
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| show | A. pumice…vesicular
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| show | D. obsidian
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| show | C. mechanical and chemical
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| show | B. quartz
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| After sediment is deposited, it must undergo two important processes to become a sedimentary rock. These two processes are _____ and _____. A. crystallization and melting, B. compaction and cementation, C. crystallization and extrusion | show 🗑
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| Which of the following types of detrital sedimentary rocks has the finest (smallest) grain size? This rock type forms an excellent aquitard rock layer. A. shale, B. siltstone, C. sandstone, D. conglomerate, E. breccia | show 🗑
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| show | D. conglomerate
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| The main difference between the sedimentary rocks conglomerate and breccia is _____. A. where they are found, B. particle color, C. particle shape, D. particle size | show 🗑
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| Which of the following correctly lists the sequence that leads to the formation of coal from dead plant matter (low grade to high grade)? A. lignite…peat…anthracite coal…bituminous coal, B. peat…lignite…anthracite coal…bituminous coal, C. anthracite coal…bituminous coal…lignite…peat, D. peat…lignite…bituminous coal…anthracite coal | show 🗑
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| True or False: Petroleum, natural gas, and coal deposits take millions of years to form, but at present consumption and human population growth rates, such resources will last for only a few hundred years. | show 🗑
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| show | B. Coquina
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| _____ is a variety of limestone that is very soft. It was once used to write letters and numbers on large flat boards of the metamorphic rock called slate, in front of eager geology students. A. Chalk, B. Coquina, C. Rock salt, D. Sandstone, E. Coal | show 🗑
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| _____ and _____ are examples of chemical sedimentary rocks that form on lake or ocean bottoms when there is a high rate of evaporation of the overlying water body. A. Siltstone and shale, B. Chert and flint, C. Chalk and coquina, D. Rock salt and gypsum | show 🗑
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| show | D. Fossils
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| show | B. contact
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| show | D. regional
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| show | A. marble
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| show | C. quartzite
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| Which of the following is the low grade metamorphic equivalent of shale? This rock type is still used to make roofs for homes in many parts of the world (e.g., England, Ireland, USA). A. basalt, B. slate, C. quartzite, D. amphibolite, E. marble | show 🗑
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| show | D. gneiss
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| Some minerals grow during high-grade metamorphism of certain rock types. One such metamorphic mineral, _____, is a popular gemstone and is a school color for Florida State University. A. garnet, B. ruby, C. topaz, D. diamond, E. beryl | show 🗑
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| show | B. mass wasting
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| Rivers continually transport tremendous volumes of sediment. Which of these answers matches the sediment particle size and the method of movement in the stream? A. gravel…dissolved load, B. calcium atoms…dissolved load, C. sand…bed and suspended load, D. both A and B are correct, E. both B and C are correct | show 🗑
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| The _____ of a river is the maximum amount of particles that the river can carry that the river can carry, whereas the maximum size of particle _____ of a stream. A. aquifer…aquitard, B. competence…capacity, C. capacity…competence | show 🗑
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| A(n) _____ of sediment is deposited when a river enters the relatively quiet waters of a lake or the ocean. A. meander bend, B. oxbow lake, C. natural levee, D. alluvial terrace, E. delta | show 🗑
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| show | C. amount of water flowing past a point in the river in a given amount of time (measured in m3/sec)
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| In the Mississippi River delta, over the last 7,000-8,000 years here have been at least _____ major deltas that have grown in this time. This is a clear signal that the river mouth will try to keep moving over time. A 3, B. 4, C.5, D. 6, E. 7 | show 🗑
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| show | C. headwaters…mouth
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| show | C. cut-banks
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| Imagine what a cross-section of a river channel (meander bend) would look like. The location in the river channel where active deposition is occurring are the _____. This area must be regularly dredged if the river is used for commerce (shipping). A point bars, B. natural levees, C. cut-banks, D. back swamps | show 🗑
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| Which U.S. Federal agency is responsible for dredging the nations river's so that commerce can exist? A. Department of Labor, B. Department of Commerce, C. Army Corps of Engineers, D. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency | show 🗑
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| show | A. Oxbow lakes…meander
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| Thought question: Residential and commercial development, and destruction of wetlands in floodplains, actually _____ the severity of flood damage when heavy rain events (i.e., hurricanes) strike an area. A increases, B. decreases | show 🗑
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| show | D. ground water
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| show | E. both A and C
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| An aquitard is defined as a layer of rock, such as _____, that _____. A shale…does not restrict the flow of ground water, B. shale…prevents the flow of ground water, C. slate…permits fluids to pass through it, D. limestone…contains ground water | show 🗑
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| The boundary between the zone of saturation and the zone of aeration in an aquifer is known as the _____. A. water table, B. septic tank interface, C. hydrologic engineering surface, D. contamination surface | show 🗑
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| show | D. Karst topography
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| show | B. limestone
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| show | C. freshwater spring
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| The state of Florida, especially in north Florida, has one of the world's highest concentration of _____. A. hot geyser fields, B. warm mineral geysers, C. freshwater springs, D. aquitard rock layers | show 🗑
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| Which of the following is not a threat to ground water (therefore drinking water) here in Florida? A. malfunctioning septic tanks (caused by lack of laws requiring citizens to regularly clean them out), B. magnesium and calcium from the limestone that contains the ground water, C. saltwater intrusion in coastal areas contaminating fresh water aquifers with salt water, D. contamination from leaking underground gasoline tanks | show 🗑
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| show | D. cone of depression
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| show | A. down from the ceiling of the cave
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| When a stalactites and stalagmite grow together, a _____ is formed. A. natural bridge, B. karst pillar, C. travertine staircase, D. column | show 🗑
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| Stalactites and stalagmites are composed of a mineral called _____, which when found in large masses make up the chemical sedimentary rock called _____. A. travertine…dolomite, B. calcite…travertine, C. talc…rock gypsum, D. rock salt…halite | show 🗑
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| The immediate heat source of a hot water geyser is _____. A. the radioactive decay of elements such as uranium, thorium, and potassium, B. collisions with flaming meteorites that penetrate the crust, C. an underground magma chamber that is slowly cooling as ground water interacts with it | show 🗑
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| show | D. Greenland
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| True or False: Of the entire water volume of the Earth, only 2% is freshwater that is contained in waterbodies, ground water, or in the world's continental glaciers. | show 🗑
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| show | B. will rise
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| True or False: During the recent Ice Age, glaciers grew on continents such as Australia, Africa, and South America, and not on continents such as Asia and North America. | show 🗑
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| show | E. calving
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| _____ are sharp ridges found in between cirques. They are created as alpine glaciers carve mountains. A. Cirques, B. Aretes, C. Horns, D. Moraines | show 🗑
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| show | E. striations
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| show | D. Great Salt Lake
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| The term _____ represents the geologic period during which the latest Ice Age occurred. A. Triassic, B. Jurassic, C. Tertiary, D. Pleistocene, E. a correct answer is not listed | show 🗑
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| show | D. four
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| Recent work by teams of international scientists and satellite operators have shown the _____ Ocean ice covering is only one fifth (20%) of what it was just 30 or so years ago. A. Antarctic, B. Atlantic, C. Pacific, D. Arctic | show 🗑
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| show | True
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| A _____ environment has higher precipitation (rain, snow) levels than a _____ environment.Much of western North America consists of these two types of environments. A. plateau…desert, B. steppe…desert, C. desert…steppe | show 🗑
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| show | C. Sahara…Africa
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| Continental drift was first proposed by _____. This idea was not accepted by the world scientific community for over 50 years after the first publication of his hypothesis. A. Charles Darwin, B. Galilei Galileo, C. Milutin Milankovitch, D. Alfred Wegener | show 🗑
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| show | D. Pangaea…Laurasia…Gondwanaland
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| show | E. North America
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| Which of the following continents was not part of the continental landmass known as Gondwanaland? A. Antarctica, B. South America, C. India, D. Australia, E. all of these were part of Gondwanaland | show 🗑
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| show | C. 180-200 million years ago
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| True or False: The limited geographic range of fossil remains of the fresh water reptile Mesosaurus was used as supporting evidence of the hypothesis of continental drift. | show 🗑
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| True or False: The linear geographic coverage of the world's largest mountain chains is used as evidence of continental drift, and past continental collisions. | show 🗑
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| The Earth's oldest rocks, with ages of over 4 billion years old, are found _____. A. in the deepest part of the flat ocean bottom, B. in the cores of the continents, C. in the trenches, D. in the mid-ocean ridges | show 🗑
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| There are about _____ major plates in the crust of the Earth, as well many other smaller plates. A. 2, B. 7, C. 20, D. 30, E. 50 | show 🗑
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| show | B. near the rift valleys of the mid-ocean ridges
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| During World War II, Harry Hess was a _____ in the _____. His wartime experience, especially with the technology known as sonar, was quite important in his subsequent peacetime geological research. A. fighter pilot…Army Air Corps, B. U.S. Marine…Pacific Ocean, C. captain of a troop transport…U.S. naval battles in the Pacific, D. field hospital surgeon…U.S. Army in Europe | show 🗑
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| At which of the following locations does an active continental rift exist today? A. Greenland, B. Mid-Atlantic Ridge, C. East Africa, D. South America, E. Reunion Island | show 🗑
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| show | B. center of the Atlantic Ocean
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| Select the answer that is a reasonable rate of plate motion, as indicated by the rate of seafloor spreading. A. 5 cm per day, B. 5 cm per month, C. 5 cm per year, D. 5 cm per century | show 🗑
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| Similar rock types and rock ages in regions of both western Africa and eastern South America support the hypothesis of continental drift. What is the name of the geological feature that has, over the last 200 million years, gradually separated western Africa and eastern South America? A. East Pacific Rise, B. Mid-Indian Ocean Ridge, C. Arctic Ocean Ridge, D. Mid-Atlantic Ocean Ridge | show 🗑
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| This ocean basin is associated with the term Ring of Fire due to the many volcanoes along its western, northern and eastern shores. A. Atlantic, B. Pacific, C. Antarctic, D. Arctic, E. Indian | show 🗑
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| show | B. basalt
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| show | B. Chikyu
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| show | B. deep-water shale…basaltic lava flows and pillow basalts…gabbroic rocks…peridotite
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| True or False: The large island of Hawaii is the world's largest mountain, standing at over 30,000 feet tall. | show 🗑
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| show | True
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| Which of the following correctly describes the present geophysical model of how plate tectonics works inside the Earth? A. Whole Mantle Convection Model Hypothesis, B. Layer Cake Mantle Convection Current Hypothesis, C. both A and B are viable models, D. neither A or B are still accepted models | show 🗑
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| show | A. epicenter
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| show | A. hypocenter
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| show | C. elastic rebound
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| show | C. seismogram…seismograph…seismometer…seismologist
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| show | D. both A and C
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| The type of seismic wave that causes the most damage to buildings and other human structures is a _____ _____. A. P wave, B. S wave, C. surface wave, D. seismowave | show 🗑
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| show | E. magnitude
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| show | A. logarithmic
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| show | E. Mercalli Scale
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| show | B. liquefaction
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| show | C. Tsunami waves
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| show | C. Hawaii
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| Which of these countries recently suffered a terrible tsunami (nearly 30,000 dead or missing) plus the meltdown of three nuclear reactors because of flooding of the power plant by the tsunami waters? A. Japan, B. Peru, C. Iran, D. United States, E. China | show 🗑
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| Which of these countries has suffered the most, in loss of life, from large intracontinental earthquakes? A. Japan, B. Peru, C. Iran, D. United States, E. China | show 🗑
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| show | E. about 8,000 miles
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| show | B. basalt
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| In the model of the oceanic crust developed through the research of the Deep-Sea Drilling project, the rock type that makes up the mantle of the Earth is _____. A. basalt, B. granite, C. peridotite, D. limestone, E. marble | show 🗑
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| show | B. mantle
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| show | A. solid…liquid
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| show | E. magnetic
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