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What does a volcanologist call molten rock before it reaches the surface?
A. intrusive blocks
B. effluent
C. intrusive bombs
D. magma
A. intrusive blocks
B. effluent
C. intrusive bombs
D. magma
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What does a planetary volcanologist call molten rock flowing on the surface of Io, a moon of Jupiter? A. intrusive blocks, B. lava, C. intrusive bombs, D. magma
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Exam Two
ESC1000 - All the Questions From Exam 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What does a volcanologist call molten rock before it reaches the surface? A. intrusive blocks B. effluent C. intrusive bombs D. magma | D. magma |
| What does a planetary volcanologist call molten rock flowing on the surface of Io, a moon of Jupiter? A. intrusive blocks, B. lava, C. intrusive bombs, D. magma | B. lava |
| The most abundant type of rock in the oceanic crust is the igneous rock known as _____ , but the most abundant type of rock in the continental crust is the igneous rock known as _____. A. basalt…sandstone, B. basalt…shale, C. granite…basalt, D. basalt…granite | D. basalt…granite |
| The term that is synonymous with extrusive igneous rock is _____, but the terms that are synonymous with intrusive igneous rock is _____. A. plutonic rock…volcanic rock, B. plutonic rock…sedimentary rock, C. volcanic rock…plutonic rock | C. volcanic rock…plutonic rock |
| The igneous rock known as _____ has a _____ texture. A. granite…phaneritic, B. diorite…phaneritic, C. gabbro…phaneritic, D. A, B and C are correct | D. A, B and C are correct |
| The igneous rock known as _____ has a _____ texture.A. rhyolite…aphanitic, B. andesite…aphanitic, C. basalt…aphanitic, D. A, B and C are correct | D. A, B and C are correct |
| An igneous rock that contains crystals, but you cannot see them with your naked eye, has a(n) texture. A. phaneritic, B. porphyritic, C. aphanitic | C. aphanitic |
| An igneous rock with two different crystal sizes has a ____ texture. This texture indicates two cooling periods, usually one below the surface, and then one cooling period at the surface during the eruption. A. vesicular, B. glassy, C. aphanitic, D. phaneritic, E. porphyritic | E.porphyritic |
| The igneous rock _____ has a _____ texture. It can float in water. A. pumice…vesicular, B. basalt…phaneritic, C. obsidian…porphyritic, D. granite…aphanitic | A. pumice…vesicular |
| The igneous rock, with its glassy texture, _____ was utilized by western North American Native Americans as a material for tools (scrapers, needles) and for weapons (arrowheads, spear points, darts). A. basalt, B. rhyolite, C. andesite, D. obsidian | D. obsidian |
| There are two major types (categories) of rock weathering: _____ and _____. A. compaction and cementation, B. physical and chemical, C. mechanical and chemical | C. mechanical and chemical |
| Which of the following minerals is the most resistant to weathering processes? Think of hardness. A. gypsum, B. quartz, C. feldspar, D. calcite | B. quartz |
| After sediment is deposited, it must undergo two important processes to become a sedimentary rock. These two processes are _____ and _____. A. crystallization and melting, B. compaction and cementation, C. crystallization and extrusion | B. compaction and cementation |
| Which of the following types of detrital sedimentary rocks has the finest (smallest) grain size? This rock type forms an excellent aquitard rock layer. A. shale, B. siltstone, C. sandstone, D. conglomerate, E. breccia | A. shale |
| Which of the following types of detrital sedimentary rocks has the coarsest (largest) grain size? A. shale, B. siltstone, C. sandstone, D. conglomerate | D. conglomerate |
| The main difference between the sedimentary rocks conglomerate and breccia is _____. A. where they are found, B. particle color, C. particle shape, D. particle size | C. particle shape |
| Which of the following correctly lists the sequence that leads to the formation of coal from dead plant matter (low grade to high grade)? A. lignite…peat…anthracite coal…bituminous coal, B. peat…lignite…anthracite coal…bituminous coal, C. anthracite coal…bituminous coal…lignite…peat, D. peat…lignite…bituminous coal…anthracite coal | D. peat…lignite…bituminous coal…anthracite coal |
| True or False: Petroleum, natural gas, and coal deposits take millions of years to form, but at present consumption and human population growth rates, such resources will last for only a few hundred years. | True |
| _____ is the type of sedimentary rock (a variety of limestone) that the Spanish used to build their fort at St. Augustine, the oldest continually occupied settlement in eastern North America. A. Chalk, B. Coquina, C. Rock salt, D. Sandstone, E. Coal | B. Coquina |
| _____ is a variety of limestone that is very soft. It was once used to write letters and numbers on large flat boards of the metamorphic rock called slate, in front of eager geology students. A. Chalk, B. Coquina, C. Rock salt, D. Sandstone, E. Coal | A. Chalk |
| _____ and _____ are examples of chemical sedimentary rocks that form on lake or ocean bottoms when there is a high rate of evaporation of the overlying water body. A. Siltstone and shale, B. Chert and flint, C. Chalk and coquina, D. Rock salt and gypsum | D. Rock salt and gypsum |
| _____ are defined as the remains (bones) or evidence (footprints) of ancient life on the planet. A. Mud cracks, B. Slate quarries, C. Tombstones, D. Fossils | D. Fossils |
| Large-scale igneous intrusions, such as granite magma chambers, cause _____ metamorphism in nearby rocks. These areas are often mined by man since they are rich in metal ore deposits. A. regional, B. contact, C. commensal, D. peripheral | B. contact |
| When large areas of rocks are buried and subjected to high geologic pressure and high geologic temperatures, this type of metamorphism is known as _____ metamorphism. A. contact, B. superficial, C. tectonic, D. regional | D. regional |
| What is the metamorphic equivalent of limestone? This rock is used in sculpture as well as construction. A. marble, B. slate, C. quartzite, D. amphibolite, E. shale | A. marble |
| Which of the following is the metamorphic equivalent of sandstone? A. shale, B. slate, C. quartzite, D. amphibolite, E. marble | C. quartzite |
| Which of the following is the low grade metamorphic equivalent of shale? This rock type is still used to make roofs for homes in many parts of the world (e.g., England, Ireland, USA). A. basalt, B. slate, C. quartzite, D. amphibolite, E. marble | B. slate |
| The metamorphic rock _____ is composed of alternating bands of dark and light-colored minerals. A. schist, B. slate, C. quartzite, D. gneiss, E. marble | D. gneiss |
| Some minerals grow during high-grade metamorphism of certain rock types. One such metamorphic mineral, _____, is a popular gemstone and is a school color for Florida State University. A. garnet, B. ruby, C. topaz, D. diamond, E. beryl | A. garnet |
| The downslope movement of material such as rocks and soil under the direct pull of gravity is _____. A. liquefaction, B. mass wasting, C. progradation, D. differential slumping, E. solifluction | B. mass wasting |
| Rivers continually transport tremendous volumes of sediment. Which of these answers matches the sediment particle size and the method of movement in the stream? A. gravel…dissolved load, B. calcium atoms…dissolved load, C. sand…bed and suspended load, D. both A and B are correct, E. both B and C are correct | E. both B and C are correct |
| The _____ of a river is the maximum amount of particles that the river can carry that the river can carry, whereas the maximum size of particle _____ of a stream. A. aquifer…aquitard, B. competence…capacity, C. capacity…competence | C. capacity…competence |
| A(n) _____ of sediment is deposited when a river enters the relatively quiet waters of a lake or the ocean. A. meander bend, B. oxbow lake, C. natural levee, D. alluvial terrace, E. delta | E. delta |
| The discharge of a river is the _____. A. average amount of sediment moving in the river channel (measured in m3/sec), B. amount of particles moved by the river (measured in kilograms), C. amount of water flowing past a point in the river in a given amount of time (measured in m3/sec), D. velocity of water flowing past a point along the riverbank (measured in m/sec) | C. amount of water flowing past a point in the river in a given amount of time (measured in m3/sec) |
| In the Mississippi River delta, over the last 7,000-8,000 years here have been at least _____ major deltas that have grown in this time. This is a clear signal that the river mouth will try to keep moving over time. A 3, B. 4, C.5, D. 6, E. 7 | E. 7 |
| The gradient of a river is steepest at the _____ of the river and lowest at the _____ of the river. A mouth…headwaters, B. median section…beginning, C. headwaters…mouth | C. headwaters…mouth |
| Imagine what a cross-section of a river channel (meander bend) would look like. The location in the river channel where active erosion is occurring are the _____. A point bars, B. natural levees, C. cut-banks | C. cut-banks |
| Imagine what a cross-section of a river channel (meander bend) would look like. The location in the river channel where active deposition is occurring are the _____. This area must be regularly dredged if the river is used for commerce (shipping). A point bars, B. natural levees, C. cut-banks, D. back swamps | A. point bars |
| Which U.S. Federal agency is responsible for dredging the nations river's so that commerce can exist? A. Department of Labor, B. Department of Commerce, C. Army Corps of Engineers, D. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency | C. Army Corps of Engineers |
| _____ form in a river floodplain when a(n) _____ is cut off from the main channel of a river. A Oxbow lakes…meander, B. Natural levees…meander, C. Point bars…back swamp, D. Meanders…natural levee, E. Natural levees…oxbow lake | A. Oxbow lakes…meander |
| Thought question: Residential and commercial development, and destruction of wetlands in floodplains, actually _____ the severity of flood damage when heavy rain events (i.e., hurricanes) strike an area. A increases, B. decreases | A. increases |
| The largest reservoir of freshwater that is available to Floridians is _____. A river water, B. glaciers, C. lakes and reservoirs, D. ground water | D. ground water |
| Which sedimentary rock types would make a good aquifer? A. sandstone, B. shale, C. limestone, D. both A and B, E. both A and C | E. both A and C |
| An aquitard is defined as a layer of rock, such as _____, that _____. A shale…does not restrict the flow of ground water, B. shale…prevents the flow of ground water, C. slate…permits fluids to pass through it, D. limestone…contains ground water | B. shale…prevents the flow of ground water |
| The boundary between the zone of saturation and the zone of aeration in an aquifer is known as the _____. A. water table, B. septic tank interface, C. hydrologic engineering surface, D. contamination surface | A. water table |
| _____ develops in areas where surface and subsurface features (i.e. sinkholes, disappearing streams) are produced by ground water dissolution. Much of Florida has this topography. A. Yugoslavian topography, B. Solution topography, C. Trellis topography, D. Karst topography | D. Karst topography |
| Sinkholes, disappearing streams, and caverns are formed by dissolution of which common Florida rock type? A. shale, B. limestone, C. sandstone, D. conglomerate, E. breccia | B. limestone |
| Whenever the water table intersects the ground surface, a natural flow of ground water out on to the surface creates a(n) _____. A. hot geyser field, B. warm mineral geyser, C. freshwater spring, D. aquifer | C. freshwater spring |
| The state of Florida, especially in north Florida, has one of the world's highest concentration of _____. A. hot geyser fields, B. warm mineral geysers, C. freshwater springs, D. aquitard rock layers | C. freshwater springs |
| Which of the following is not a threat to ground water (therefore drinking water) here in Florida? A. malfunctioning septic tanks (caused by lack of laws requiring citizens to regularly clean them out), B. magnesium and calcium from the limestone that contains the ground water, C. saltwater intrusion in coastal areas contaminating fresh water aquifers with salt water, D. contamination from leaking underground gasoline tanks | B. magnesium and calcium from the limestone that contains the ground water |
| Whenever too much water is withdrawn too rapidly from a well, the withdrawal creates a _____ in the water table around this well. A. rise in aquifer water pressure, B. swell of the potentiometric surface, C. rise in the potentiometric surface, D. cone of depression | D. cone of depression |
| Stalactites are speleothems (cave formations) that grow _____. A. down from the ceiling of the cave, B. up from the floor of the cave | A. down from the ceiling of the cave |
| When a stalactites and stalagmite grow together, a _____ is formed. A. natural bridge, B. karst pillar, C. travertine staircase, D. column | D. column |
| Stalactites and stalagmites are composed of a mineral called _____, which when found in large masses make up the chemical sedimentary rock called _____. A. travertine…dolomite, B. calcite…travertine, C. talc…rock gypsum, D. rock salt…halite | B. calcite…travertine |
| The immediate heat source of a hot water geyser is _____. A. the radioactive decay of elements such as uranium, thorium, and potassium, B. collisions with flaming meteorites that penetrate the crust, C. an underground magma chamber that is slowly cooling as ground water interacts with it | C. an underground magma chamber that is slowly cooling as ground water interacts with it |
| On which land mass is the northern hemisphere's largest ice sheet located? A. South America, B. Australia, C. Africa, D. Greenland, E. Antarctica | D. Greenland |
| True or False: Of the entire water volume of the Earth, only 2% is freshwater that is contained in waterbodies, ground water, or in the world's continental glaciers. | True |
| If the continental glaciers that cover large landmasses of the world become smaller, which they presently are doing according to satellite measurements, seal level will _____. A. go down, B. will rise, C. stay the same | B. will rise |
| True or False: During the recent Ice Age, glaciers grew on continents such as Australia, Africa, and South America, and not on continents such as Asia and North America. | False |
| Icebergs are produced when ice blocks break off from the front of a glacier during the process of _____. A. ablation, B. deflation, C. plucking, D. abrasion, E. calving | E. calving |
| _____ are sharp ridges found in between cirques. They are created as alpine glaciers carve mountains. A. Cirques, B. Aretes, C. Horns, D. Moraines | B. Aretes |
| After a glacier recedes (melts) from an area, long grooves and scratches termed _____ are often exposed on flat rock surfaces. They tell you direction of past ice movement. A. horns, B. cirques, C. aretes, D. moraines, E. striations | E. striations |
| The last remaining Ice Age pluvial lake in the western United States (Utah) is _____. It is gradually drying up. A. Death Valley, B. Lake Mead, C. Lake Missoula, D. Great Salt Lake, E. Yellowstone Lake | D. Great Salt Lake |
| The term _____ represents the geologic period during which the latest Ice Age occurred. A. Triassic, B. Jurassic, C. Tertiary, D. Pleistocene, E. a correct answer is not listed | D. Pleistocene |
| In Earth' s history, there have been _____ documented periods of widespread continental glaciation. A. just one, B. two, C. three, D. four | D. four |
| Recent work by teams of international scientists and satellite operators have shown the _____ Ocean ice covering is only one fifth (20%) of what it was just 30 or so years ago. A. Antarctic, B. Atlantic, C. Pacific, D. Arctic | D. Artic |
| True or False: The United States of America is about one-half desert or steppe environments. | True |
| A _____ environment has higher precipitation (rain, snow) levels than a _____ environment.Much of western North America consists of these two types of environments. A. plateau…desert, B. steppe…desert, C. desert…steppe | B. steppe…desert |
| The world's largest desert is the _____ desert, located in _____. A. Mojave…North America, B. Simpson Desert…Australia, C. Sahara…Africa, D. Gobi…China | C. Sahara…Africa |
| Continental drift was first proposed by _____. This idea was not accepted by the world scientific community for over 50 years after the first publication of his hypothesis. A. Charles Darwin, B. Galilei Galileo, C. Milutin Milankovitch, D. Alfred Wegener | D. Alfred Wegener |
| In the model of continental drift, an extremely large continental land mass (a supercontinent) known as _____ consisted of a northern half known as _____ and a southern half known as _____. A. Laurasia…Gondwanaland…Iapetus, B. Pangaea…Gondwanaland…Laurasia, C. Iapetus…Gondwanaland…Pangaea, D. Pangaea…Laurasia…Gondwanaland | D. Pangaea…Laurasia…Gondwanaland |
| Which of the following continents was part of the continental landmass known as Laurasia? A. Antarctica, B. South America, C. India, D. Australia, E. North America | E. North America |
| Which of the following continents was not part of the continental landmass known as Gondwanaland? A. Antarctica, B. South America, C. India, D. Australia, E. all of these were part of Gondwanaland | E. all of these were part of Gondwanaland |
| When did the breakup of the supercontinent Pangaea occur? Select the best answer. Pangaea is not the only supercontinent that has formed on the Earth. At least 2 earlier supercontinents have been identified. A. 1-2 million years ago, B. 20-30 million years ago, C. 180-200 million years ago, D. 600-620 million years ago, E. 2 billion years ago | C. 180-200 million years ago |
| True or False: The limited geographic range of fossil remains of the fresh water reptile Mesosaurus was used as supporting evidence of the hypothesis of continental drift. | True |
| True or False: The linear geographic coverage of the world's largest mountain chains is used as evidence of continental drift, and past continental collisions. | True |
| The Earth's oldest rocks, with ages of over 4 billion years old, are found _____. A. in the deepest part of the flat ocean bottom, B. in the cores of the continents, C. in the trenches, D. in the mid-ocean ridges | B. in the cores of the continents |
| There are about _____ major plates in the crust of the Earth, as well many other smaller plates. A. 2, B. 7, C. 20, D. 30, E. 50 | B. 7 |
| First proposed by the American marine geologist Harry Hess, the youngest igneous rocks of the seafloor are found _____. A. near the world's continental slopes, B. near the rift valleys of the mid-ocean ridges, C. beneath the deep-sea trenches, D. evenly distributed over the ocean basins | B. near the rift valleys of the mid-ocean ridges |
| During World War II, Harry Hess was a _____ in the _____. His wartime experience, especially with the technology known as sonar, was quite important in his subsequent peacetime geological research. A. fighter pilot…Army Air Corps, B. U.S. Marine…Pacific Ocean, C. captain of a troop transport…U.S. naval battles in the Pacific, D. field hospital surgeon…U.S. Army in Europe | C. captain of a troop transport…U.S. naval battles in the Pacific |
| At which of the following locations does an active continental rift exist today? A. Greenland, B. Mid-Atlantic Ridge, C. East Africa, D. South America, E. Reunion Island | C. East Africa |
| At which of the following locations does an active oceanic rift exist today? A. center of North American continent, B. center of the Atlantic Ocean, C. East Africa, D. center of South America continent | B. center of the Atlantic Ocean |
| Select the answer that is a reasonable rate of plate motion, as indicated by the rate of seafloor spreading. A. 5 cm per day, B. 5 cm per month, C. 5 cm per year, D. 5 cm per century | C. 5cm per year |
| Similar rock types and rock ages in regions of both western Africa and eastern South America support the hypothesis of continental drift. What is the name of the geological feature that has, over the last 200 million years, gradually separated western Africa and eastern South America? A. East Pacific Rise, B. Mid-Indian Ocean Ridge, C. Arctic Ocean Ridge, D. Mid-Atlantic Ocean Ridge | D. Mid-Atlantic Ocean Ridge |
| This ocean basin is associated with the term Ring of Fire due to the many volcanoes along its western, northern and eastern shores. A. Atlantic, B. Pacific, C. Antarctic, D. Arctic, E. Indian | B. Pacific |
| Virtually all the igneous rocks that make up the islands of the state of Hawaii are composed of ______. A. rhyolite, B. basalt, C. andesite, D. gabbro, E. peridotite | B. basalt |
| The name of one of the ships that presently conducts the scientific Deep Sea Drilling project is the _____. A. U.S.S. Constellation, B. Chikyu, C. Deep Sea One, D. Glomar Challenger | B. Chikyu |
| Which of the following correctly describes the order of layers discovered in the oceanic crust by the Deep Sea Drilling project? A. deep-water shale…peridotite…basaltic lava flows and pillow basalts…gabbroic rocks, B. deep-water shale…basaltic lava flows and pillow basalts…gabbroic rocks…peridotite, C. deep-water shale…gabbroic rocks…basaltic lava flows and pillow basalts…peridotite | B. deep-water shale…basaltic lava flows and pillow basalts…gabbroic rocks…peridotite |
| True or False: The large island of Hawaii is the world's largest mountain, standing at over 30,000 feet tall. | True |
| True or False: The age of the individual Hawaiian Islands increases from the southeast to the northwest. That is, the largest island, Hawaii itself, is the youngest island in the island archipelago. | True |
| Which of the following correctly describes the present geophysical model of how plate tectonics works inside the Earth? A. Whole Mantle Convection Model Hypothesis, B. Layer Cake Mantle Convection Current Hypothesis, C. both A and B are viable models, D. neither A or B are still accepted models | C. both A and B are viable models |
| The point immediately above the earthquake at the ground surface is the _____. A. epicenter, B. pericenter, C. hydrocenter, D. hypocenter | A. epicenter |
| The _____ is the point in the earth where the earthquake originates (begins). A. hypocenter, B. nanocenter, C. hydrocenter, D. epicenter | A. hypocenter |
| The motion of the ground before, during, and after an earthquake is described as _____ _____. A. seismic recoil, B. aftershock response, C. elastic rebound, D. none of these answers | C. elastic rebound |
| A _____ is produced by a _____, which records the seismic vibrations detected by an instrument sensitive to ground vibrations known as a _____. These patterns are then interpreted by a _____. A. seismogram…seismometer…seismograph…seismologist, B. seismometer…seismograph…seismogram…seismologist, C. seismogram…seismograph…seismometer…seismologist | C. seismogram…seismograph…seismometer…seismologist |
| Which one of the following answers best describes a "P" wave? A. As the wave passes through a rock, particles are compressed and then dilated, B. As the wave passes through rock, particles are shaken at right angles to wave direction, C. This seismic wave is the first of the three earthquake waves to be received by a seismograph, D. both A and C, E. both B and C | D. both A and C |
| The type of seismic wave that causes the most damage to buildings and other human structures is a _____ _____. A. P wave, B. S wave, C. surface wave, D. seismowave | C. surface wave |
| The _____ is a measure of an earthquake based on the amount of energy released during an earthquake. A. amplitude, B. veracity, C. fault dilation, D. intensity, E. magnitude | E. magnitude |
| On the Richter Earthquake scale, the difference between the different units is in terms of the amount of displacement (amplitude) of the crust. A. logarithmic, B. geometric, C. linear | A. logarithmic |
| Which earthquake intensity scale is based on building damage? Hint: It uses Roman Numbers. A. Ravioli Scale, B. Fusilli Scale, C. Rigatoni Scale, D. Ziti Scale, E. Mercalli Scale | E. Mercalli Scale |
| In areas where unconsolidated sediments and/or soils are saturated with water, earthquakes can turn this stable sediment/soil into a fluid during a phenomenon called _____. A. libation, B. liquefaction, C. leaching, D. localization, E. lithification | B. liquefaction |
| _____ are caused by the displacement of ocean floor rocks by an undersea earthquake. These waves have killed hundreds of thousands of people since the beginning of recorded history. A. Tertiary waves. B. Quaternary waves. C. Tsunami waves. D. Seismowaves | C. Tsunami waves |
| In the great Pacific Ocean tsunami of 1946 that originated near the Aleutian Islands, which United States territory was caught totally unawares by a tsunami that killed over 150 American citizens? A. Puerto Rico, B. Philippines, C. Hawaii, D. American Samoa, E. US. Virgin Islands | C. Hawaii |
| Which of these countries recently suffered a terrible tsunami (nearly 30,000 dead or missing) plus the meltdown of three nuclear reactors because of flooding of the power plant by the tsunami waters? A. Japan, B. Peru, C. Iran, D. United States, E. China | A. Japan |
| Which of these countries has suffered the most, in loss of life, from large intracontinental earthquakes? A. Japan, B. Peru, C. Iran, D. United States, E. China | E. China |
| Approximately how big is your planet? Select the value of the diameter in miles. A. about 800 miles, B. about 3,000 miles, C. about 4,000 miles, D. about 6,000 miles, E. about 8,000 miles | E. about 8,000 miles |
| In the model of the oceanic crust developed through the research of the Deep-Sea Drilling project, the rock type that makes up the oceanic crust of the Earth is _____. A. basalt, B. granite, C. peridotite, D. limestone, E. marble | B. basalt |
| In the model of the oceanic crust developed through the research of the Deep-Sea Drilling project, the rock type that makes up the mantle of the Earth is _____. A. basalt, B. granite, C. peridotite, D. limestone, E. marble | C. peridotite |
| Which layer of the Earth makes up most of the volume of planet Earth (by far)? A. crust, B. mantle, C. outer core, D. inner core | B. mantle |
| The inner core of the Earth is composed of _____ iron, but the outer core is composed of _____iron. A. solid…liquid, B. liquid…solid, C. Neither A or B are correct | A. solid…liquid |
| The presence of the Earth's field supports the idea that the inner and outer core is mostly iron. A. radioactive, B. thermoluminescent, C. ultraviolet, D. infrared, E. magnetic | E. magnetic |
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