Amino acid metabolism
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| When does gastrin get secreted | show 🗑
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| show | facilitates secretion of pepsinogen; cause release of HCl from parietal cell
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| show | denatures dietary protein; converts pepsinogen to pepsin
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| name the four pancreatic proenzymes | show 🗑
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| show | enteropeptidase
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| where is enteropeptidase found/produced | show 🗑
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| show | trypsin
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| what are the enzymes produced in the intestines for protein digestion | show 🗑
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| show | hydrophobic or acidic amino acid
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| trypsin works on the carboxyl supplied by which type of AA | show 🗑
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| pepsin works on the carboxyl supplied by which type of AA | show 🗑
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| show | brought in with Na+ ions in a 1:1 ratio
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| show | active transport as a K+ is brought into the cell (1 ATP gets used)
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| show | transaminases; glutamate dehydrogenase
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| what two classes of compounds are needed for transamination | show 🗑
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| what common AA/alpha-keto acid pair is often used for transamination | show 🗑
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| how are aminotransferases named | show 🗑
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| what coenzyme is needed for transamination | show 🗑
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| where are aminotransferases normally found | show 🗑
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| what does the presence of high levels of aminotransferases in the plasma indicate | show 🗑
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| what two blood transaminases are used diagnostically | show 🗑
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| other name for alanine aminotransferase | show 🗑
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| other name for aspartate aminotransferase | show 🗑
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| show | MI
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| show | liver disease
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| show | oxidative deamination
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| show | liver and kidney
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| outline what happens to glutamate after transamination | show 🗑
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| show | excrete as ammonium ions in urine; convert to urea and then exrete urea in urine
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| what are the two paths for getting ammonia to the liver or kidneys | show 🗑
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| show | glutamate is converted to glutamine by the addition of ammonia using ATP. Glutamine is then taken to liver or kidney and broken down to release ammonia.
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| what two enzymes are involved in the glutamine shuttle | show 🗑
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| what happens to ammonia in the liver and kidney | show 🗑
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| show | brain, muscle, liver
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| show | pyruvate from glycolysis in muscles is turned into alanine in muscle and alanine is turned back into pyruvate and then glucose in liver and is then sent back to muscle. way of breaking down muscle protein.
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| where does the urea cycle take place | show 🗑
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| show | 80-90%
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| list the order of metabolites in the urea cycle and where they are made | show 🗑
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| show | carbamoyl phosphate synthetase, ornithine transcarbamoylase, argininosuccinate synthetase, argininosuccinase, arginase
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| how many ATP are used in the urea cycle | show 🗑
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| where do the nitrogens in urea come from | show 🗑
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| what two reactants make citrulline | show 🗑
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| show | aspartate and citrulline
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| argininosuccinate is broken down into what two products | show 🗑
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| how is aspartate regenerated for the urea cycle | show 🗑
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| what does BUN stand for | show 🗑
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| what does elevated BUN indicate | show 🗑
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| what are some things which may lead to high BUN | show 🗑
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| show | glycolysis, TCA cycle intermediates, Lipid metabolism
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| show | they are converted to glucose during starvation; converted to glucose and stored as glycogen when excess protein is consumed; AAs that are degraded to TCA cycle intermediates
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| show | converted to ketone bodies during starvation;converted to fatty acids and stored as fat when excess protein is consumed; AAs converted to intermediates in lipid metabolism
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| show | leucine and lysine
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| show | phenylalanine, isoleucine, tyrosine, tryptophan
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| show | glutamate
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| what is GABA used for | show 🗑
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| what AA is the precursor for histamine | show 🗑
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| tryptophan is used to make what neurotransmitter | show 🗑
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| show | methionine
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| how is methionine activated to create S-adenosylmethionine | show 🗑
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| show | a methyl group
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| show | osteoarthritis and depression
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| when a Schiff base is turned into an aldehyde what is added and what is given off | show 🗑
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| show | epinephrine
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| what enzyme is used to convert phenylalanine to tyrosine | show 🗑
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| what causes PKU | show 🗑
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| show | phenylpyruvic acid (PPA)
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| show | tyrosine
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| name the intermediates in the synthesis of norepinephrine from tyrosine | show 🗑
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| in the melanocytes, tyrosine is converted to dopa and eventually melanin. what enzyme starts the process | show 🗑
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| show | copper
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| what enzyme converts dopa to dopamine | show 🗑
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| show | brain and adrenal medulla
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| show | adrenal medulla
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| norepinephrine is inactivated by conversion to what metabolite | show 🗑
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| what disorder is diagnosed by measuring VMA in the urine | show 🗑
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| where in the thyroid gland does iodination and coupling of tyrosine residues take place | show 🗑
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| what hormone stimulates the pinocytosis of Tgb with T3 and T4 | show 🗑
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| show | glycine, arginine, and SAM
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| how is creatinine formed | show 🗑
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| what enzyme converts creatine into creatine phosphate | show 🗑
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| in what parts of the body is creatine kinase found | show 🗑
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| show | MI
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| show | to diagnose kidney function
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| show | rate of synthesis of creatinine is constant
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| what does creatinine clearance measure | show 🗑
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| why is creatinine ideal for measuring glomerular filtration rate | show 🗑
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| what is the relationship between the GFR and volume of urine excreted | show 🗑
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| what are the intermediates in the synthesis of heme | show 🗑
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| how is aminolevulinic acid made | show 🗑
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| what is the rate controlling step in the synthesis of heme | show 🗑
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| what is given off when 2 ALAs come together and what is formed | show 🗑
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| show | lose 4 ammonia, lose 6 CO2, oxidations to introduce double bonds, insert metal ion
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| what are porphyrias | show 🗑
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| show | heme
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| what happens if one of the enzymes between porphobilinogen and heme are deficient | show 🗑
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| show | neurological symptoms; skin photosensitivity
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| show | in liver, bone marrow, spleen (RE system)
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| show | attached to albumin
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| when bilirubin enters the liver it reacts with 2 UDP glucuronic acid to produce what substance | show 🗑
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| show | urobilinogen (UB)
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| show | UB can be taken to the kidney for excretion; it can be excreted from the gut after being turned into stercobilin (brown)
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| show | liver disease
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| true or false. bilirubin-albumin can be excreted by the kidneys | show 🗑
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| show | bilirubin-albumin complex
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| what happens in prehepatic jaundice | show 🗑
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| what happens to conc. of UB and bilirubin in urine when one has hemolytic jaundice | show 🗑
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| in hepatic jaundice what happens to blood levels of BDG and urine levels of UB and bilirubin | show 🗑
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| show | both decrease
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| what AA is used to make NO | show 🗑
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| when arginine is acted on by NO synthase, what other reactants are present and what is the result | show 🗑
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| show | nerve endings; endothelial cells lining blood vessels
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| what impact does NO have on blood vessels | show 🗑
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