Unit 4 Mitosis Meiosis and Chromosomes
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| Stage of mitosis where chromatin condenses into chromosomes | Prophase
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| Process that creates haploid cells | Meiosis
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| Describes a cell that has two complete sets of chromosomes (homologous pairs) | Diploid
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| Phase of cell division in which sister chromatids are separated in a haploid cell | Anaphase 2
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| Chromosomes that share the same genes but not necessarily the same alleles | homologous chromosomes
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| Can be observed during metaphase in mitosis | Cells form a single file line down the center/equater of the cell
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| Chromosomes that share the same genes but not necessarily the same alleles | homologous chromosomes
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| Can be observed during metaphase in mitosis | Cells form a single file line down the center/equater of the cell
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| Asexual reproduction often used by prokaryotic organisms | binary fission
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| Forms of asexual reproduction | budding; fragmentation; parthenogenesis; binary fission
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| Advantages of asexual reproduction | Uses less energy; quicker; no chance of not finding a mate; less necessity for tending young
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| Disadvantage of asexual reproduction | less genetic diversity
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| Cross-Over | homologous chromosomes swap alleles for some genes
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| Stage where cross-over occurs | Prophase 1 in Meiosis
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| Purpose of meiosis | To produce haploid gametes
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| Nondisjunction | when homologous pairs are not separated properly during anaphase 1 of meiosis
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| Gametes | Sex cells like sperm and egg; haploid; produced through meiosis
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| Somatic Cells | Body cells, diploid, produced through mitosis
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| Centrosome/centriole | organelle(s) that migrate to the poles of the cell and produce spindles during cell division
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| DNA Replication | Each strand of DNA makes an identical copy during the S stage of interphase
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| Centromere | Point in the center of a chromatid where sister chromatids can connect and spindles connect
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| genotype | the set of alleles that are possible traits in an organism
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| phenotype | the alleles that are physically expressed and actually appear in an organisms
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| Father of Genetics | Gregor Mendel
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| Law of Independent Assortment | Traits are independent of each other and many combinations of traits can appear in gametes (occurs in metaphase 1 of meiosis)
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| Strands of DNA mixed with proteins found in the nucleus before cell division | chromatin
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| process which results in physical separation of cells during cell division | cytokinesis
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| 3 stages of Interphase | G1, S, G2
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| Stage where DNA Replication occus | S
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| N | number of chromosomes in a single set; haploid
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| 2N | number of chromosomes in most cells; diploid
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| Fragmentation | Asexual reproduction where an organism is split and grows into 2
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| Budding | Asexual reproduction where a tiny offspring grows out of the parent
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| Parthenogenesis | Asexual reproduction where normally sexually reproducing organisms can use a complete set of their own chromosomes to simulate a fertilized egg without a mate- similar to cloning
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| These events contribute to increased genetic diversity in meiosis | 1) Cross-over
2) Independent Assortment
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| Phase in a diploid cell when chromatin condenses into chromosomes. Chromosomes are scattered about randomly | Prophase in Mitosis
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| Phase in a diploid cell when chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell beside their homologous partner | Metaphase 1 in Meiosis
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| Phase in a diploid cell when sister chromatids are separated | Anaphase in Mitosis
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| Phase in a haploid cell when chromatin condenses to form chromosomes. | Prophase 2 in Meiosis
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| Phase in a diploid cell when new nuclear membranes form around chromosomes and they relax | Telophase in Mitosis
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| Nuclear membranes form around haploid nuclei that contain replicated chromosomes | Telophase 1 in Meiosis
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| Sister chromatids are separated in a haploid cell | Anaphase 2 in Meiosis
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| Chromatin condenses into chromosomes; homologous pairs find each other | Prophase 1 in Meiosis
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| Chromosomes line up single file in the middle of a haploid cell | Metaphase 2 in meiosis
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| Nuclear membranes form around single chromatids, forming 4 haploid nuclei | Telophase 2 in meiosis
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| haploid | A cell with only 1 set of chromosomes, not in pairs
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| densely packed DNA coiled around proteins | chromosome
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| a section of DNA that controls a trait | Gene
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| Allele | A specific version of a gene (e.g. long tails)
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| Term that describes when the result of an allele is presented in the phenotype of an organism | Expressed
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| Describes a trait for which an organism has 2 or more different alleles | heterozygous
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| Describes a trait for which an organism's alleles are all the same | homozygous
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| fertilized egg cell | zygote
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