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Cell Reproduction
Unit 4 Mitosis Meiosis and Chromosomes
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Stage of mitosis where chromatin condenses into chromosomes | Prophase |
| Process that creates haploid cells | Meiosis |
| Describes a cell that has two complete sets of chromosomes (homologous pairs) | Diploid |
| Phase of cell division in which sister chromatids are separated in a haploid cell | Anaphase 2 |
| Chromosomes that share the same genes but not necessarily the same alleles | homologous chromosomes |
| Can be observed during metaphase in mitosis | Cells form a single file line down the center/equater of the cell |
| Chromosomes that share the same genes but not necessarily the same alleles | homologous chromosomes |
| Can be observed during metaphase in mitosis | Cells form a single file line down the center/equater of the cell |
| Asexual reproduction often used by prokaryotic organisms | binary fission |
| Forms of asexual reproduction | budding; fragmentation; parthenogenesis; binary fission |
| Advantages of asexual reproduction | Uses less energy; quicker; no chance of not finding a mate; less necessity for tending young |
| Disadvantage of asexual reproduction | less genetic diversity |
| Cross-Over | homologous chromosomes swap alleles for some genes |
| Stage where cross-over occurs | Prophase 1 in Meiosis |
| Purpose of meiosis | To produce haploid gametes |
| Nondisjunction | when homologous pairs are not separated properly during anaphase 1 of meiosis |
| Gametes | Sex cells like sperm and egg; haploid; produced through meiosis |
| Somatic Cells | Body cells, diploid, produced through mitosis |
| Centrosome/centriole | organelle(s) that migrate to the poles of the cell and produce spindles during cell division |
| DNA Replication | Each strand of DNA makes an identical copy during the S stage of interphase |
| Centromere | Point in the center of a chromatid where sister chromatids can connect and spindles connect |
| genotype | the set of alleles that are possible traits in an organism |
| phenotype | the alleles that are physically expressed and actually appear in an organisms |
| Father of Genetics | Gregor Mendel |
| Law of Independent Assortment | Traits are independent of each other and many combinations of traits can appear in gametes (occurs in metaphase 1 of meiosis) |
| Strands of DNA mixed with proteins found in the nucleus before cell division | chromatin |
| process which results in physical separation of cells during cell division | cytokinesis |
| 3 stages of Interphase | G1, S, G2 |
| Stage where DNA Replication occus | S |
| N | number of chromosomes in a single set; haploid |
| 2N | number of chromosomes in most cells; diploid |
| Fragmentation | Asexual reproduction where an organism is split and grows into 2 |
| Budding | Asexual reproduction where a tiny offspring grows out of the parent |
| Parthenogenesis | Asexual reproduction where normally sexually reproducing organisms can use a complete set of their own chromosomes to simulate a fertilized egg without a mate- similar to cloning |
| These events contribute to increased genetic diversity in meiosis | 1) Cross-over 2) Independent Assortment |
| Phase in a diploid cell when chromatin condenses into chromosomes. Chromosomes are scattered about randomly | Prophase in Mitosis |
| Phase in a diploid cell when chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell beside their homologous partner | Metaphase 1 in Meiosis |
| Phase in a diploid cell when sister chromatids are separated | Anaphase in Mitosis |
| Phase in a haploid cell when chromatin condenses to form chromosomes. | Prophase 2 in Meiosis |
| Phase in a diploid cell when new nuclear membranes form around chromosomes and they relax | Telophase in Mitosis |
| Nuclear membranes form around haploid nuclei that contain replicated chromosomes | Telophase 1 in Meiosis |
| Sister chromatids are separated in a haploid cell | Anaphase 2 in Meiosis |
| Chromatin condenses into chromosomes; homologous pairs find each other | Prophase 1 in Meiosis |
| Chromosomes line up single file in the middle of a haploid cell | Metaphase 2 in meiosis |
| Nuclear membranes form around single chromatids, forming 4 haploid nuclei | Telophase 2 in meiosis |
| haploid | A cell with only 1 set of chromosomes, not in pairs |
| densely packed DNA coiled around proteins | chromosome |
| a section of DNA that controls a trait | Gene |
| Allele | A specific version of a gene (e.g. long tails) |
| Term that describes when the result of an allele is presented in the phenotype of an organism | Expressed |
| Describes a trait for which an organism has 2 or more different alleles | heterozygous |
| Describes a trait for which an organism's alleles are all the same | homozygous |
| fertilized egg cell | zygote |
Created by:
jaredlovering
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