organisms, detail of senses
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| first two steps of sensory perception? | Reception & Transduction
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| What is reception? | activation of sensory receptors by stimuli
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| What is transduction? | The conversion of a stimulus into an electrical signal
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| What is perception? | an individuals mapping of a sensation
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| Perception in detail is mapping of _______ ______ into the _______ _______ | sensory input, cerebral cortex
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| Olfactory stimuli does not travel through what? | Thalamus
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| 3 layers of skin | Epidermis, dermis,hypodermis
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| 5 sensory receptors | Mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, proprioreceptors, pain receptors, chemoreceptors
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| What does a mechanoreceptor detect? | Changes in mechanical pressure or distortion
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| What does a thermoreceptor detect? | Changes in temperature
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| What does a proprioreceptor detect? | Sense of movement in space
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| What does a pain receptor detect? | Potentially damaging stimuli. Noiception
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| What does a chemoreceptor detect? | chemical stimuli
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| What are free nerve endings? | encapsulated dendrite of sensory neuron
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| Most common nerve endings in skin? | free nerve endings
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| What are free never endings sensitive to ? | pain , hot, cold, touch
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| 3 classes of mechanoreceptors | tactile, proprioreceptors, barorecptors
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| 5 somasensations | merkels disk, meissners corpuscles, Krause end bulbs, pacinian corpuscles, ruffini endings
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| What is merkels disk? | respond to light touch (lips, fingertips, typing)
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| What is Meissners corpuscles? | in the fingertips allow for fine touch discrimination
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| What is Krause end bulbs? | detect cold
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| What is pacinian corpuscles? | respond to touch and high-frequency vibration
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| What are ruffini endings? | detect stretch, deformation, warmth, grip
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| gustation? | taste
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| olfacation? | smell
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| most interconnected senses? | smell & taste
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| 5 tastes that have their own receptors? | umami, sweet, bitter, salty, sour
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| Olfactory receptors (dendrite of specialized neuron) respond to ________. | specific odorants (odor molecules)
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| Pheromones are sensed by the _______ ________. | vomeronasal organ (VNO)
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| What are pheromones? | Chemical released by animals that affect behavior or physiology of animals of the same species
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| What is a taste bud? | A taste bud is a cluster of sensory receptors within tongue bumps (papillae).
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| How often are taste buds replaced? | Replaced every 10-14 days.
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| Filiform papillae. Are they tactile? What do they do? How many taste cells? | tactile. Moves food in your mouth. No taste cells
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| Fungiform papillae. How many taste buds? What do they do ? | contain 1-8 taste buds and detect temperature
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| Foliate. How many taste buds? Where are they found? | 1300 across region . Back of tongue.
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| What contains bulk of taste buds? | Foliate
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| circumvallate papillae. How many taste buds? | Up to 100
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| Pores in the _______________allow tastants (food molecules) to reach the sensory receptors. From there, it the signal travels to the ______. | tongue epidermis. Medulla
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| audition? | hearing
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| Sound waves are _______ _________ ________. | mechanical pressure waves
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| wavelength corresponds to ______ (____) | pitch (hertz)
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| amplitude (decibels) corresponds to ______. | volume
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| What is ultrasound? How many hertz? | any frequency above what humans can hear (20k hertz)
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| Sound reception begins at the ______ _______ | Tympanic membrane
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| Outer ear consists of what 3 parts? | Pinna- “ear”
Ear canal
Tympanum-ear drum
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| Middle ear consists of ? 3 bones named together? Actual names of individual bones? | Three small bones called ossicles
Malleus- hammer
Incus- anvil
Stapes- stirrup
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| pathway of vibration? | ear drum, malleus, incus, stapes, inner ear
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| What 4 parts make up the inner ear? | Round window, Labyrinth, Cochlea, Basilar membrane- runs the length of the cochlea and analyzes wavelengths
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| What is the round window? | thin diaphragm between inner and middle ear
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| What is the labyrinth? | bony hollow structure. Most interior part of the ear
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| What is the cochlea? | Cochlea- “snail shell” which conducts mechanical sound waves into electrical signal
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| What is the Basilar membrane? | runs the length of the cochlea and analyzes wavelengths
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| In the ear, what do soundwaves travel through? | Cochlea
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| Organ of Corti- composed of hair cells which are the primary ______ _______. | auditory receptors
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| Hair cells are anchored in _____ _____. | basilar membrane
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| The ear also processes what 3 things? | positional information about gravity, angular acceleration and deceleration
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| What is vision? | ability to detect light patterns from the outside environment and interpret them into images.
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| Light is ________ ______ of _____. | electromagnetic waves of energy
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| What do longer wavelengths mean? | lower frequency
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| What is the retina? | layer of photoreceptive and supporting cells on the inner surface of the back of the eye
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| Is the cornea transparent? What does it help focus on? Where is it located? | transparent layer over the front of the eye that helps focus light waves
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| Is the lens transparent or no? What does it help focus on? Where is it located? | transparent, helps focus light waves on the retina, behind cornea
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| What does the iris for to the eye? Where is it located? What does it regulate? | give it color, the front of the eye that regulates the amount of light entering the eye (pupil)
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| Where are rods located? What type of light do they respond to ? What type of vision do they give? Color? | rods are on outer edges of retina. Respond to low light (peripheral and night vision) and report shades of gray
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| Where are cones located? What type of color do they respond to? What type of vision do they give? | Cones found near center of retina. Respond to high intensity and respond with color (day vision)
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| Where is the fovea located? What type of vision does it give? | region in the back of eye with high density of cones. Responsible for acute vision
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| How many cones are there that respond to different wave lengths? What do they make possible? | 3 lengths of cones make color vision possible.
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| What are the 3 types of cones? | small, medium, large. have some overlap.
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| Photoreceptors in the retina fire at a ____ ______ ______ and strong stimuli can create an afterimage. | low constant rate.
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| What is tonic activity? | in a neuron, slight continuous activity while at rest
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