Definitions
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| Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) | A molecule composed of two strands of nucleotides that are wound together into a shape known as a double helix.
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| Chromosomes | Compact structures consisting of long strands of DNA that are would around proteins.
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| Alleles | Different forms of a particular gene.
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| Polygenic | When a single trait is affected by several genes.
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| Pleiotropy | When a single gene affects multiple traits.
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| Epistasis | When the expression of one gene is controlled by another gene.
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| Heterozygous | When an individual has two different alleles of a particular gene.
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| Homozygous | When an individual has two identical alleles of a particular gene.
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| Codominant | When two alleles both contribute to the phenotype.
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| Dominant | An allele that masks the expression of the other allele.
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| Recessive | An allele whose expression is masked by the presence of another allele.
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| Gene pool | The collection of alleles from all individuals in a population.
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| Random assortment | The process of making haploid gametes in which the combination of alleles that are placed into a given gamete could be any combination of those possessed by the diploid parent.
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| Mutation | A random change in the sequence of nucleotides in regions of DNA that either comprise a gene or control the expression of a gene.
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| Recombination | The reshuffling of genes that can occur as DNA is copied during meiosis and chromosomes exchange genetic material.
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| Genetic drift | A process that occurs when genetic variation is lost because of random variation in mating, mortality, fecundity, and inheritance.
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| Bottleneck effect | A reduction of genetic diversity in a population due to a large reduction in population size.
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| Founder effect | When a small number of individuals leave a large population to colonize a new area and bring with them only a small amount of genetic variation.
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| Selection | The process by which certain phenotypes are favored to survive and reproduce over other phenotypes.
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| Stabilizing selection | When individuals with intermediate phenotypes have higher survival and reproductive success than those with extreme phenotypes.
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| Directional selection | When individuals with an extreme phenotype experience higher fitness than the average phenotype of the population.
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| Disruptive selection | When individuals with either extreme phenotype experience higher fitness than individuals with an intermediate phenotype.
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| Microevolution | The evolution of populations.
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| Artificial selection | Selection in which humans decide which individuals will breed and the breeding is done with a preconceived goal for the traits of the population.
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| Industrial melanism | A phenomenon in which industrial activities cause habitats to become darker due to pollution and, as a result, individuals possessing darker phenotypes are favored by selection.
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| Macroevolution | Evolution at higher levels of organization including species, genera, families, orders, and phyla.
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| Speciation | The evolution of new species.
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| Phylogenetic trees | Hypothesized patterns of relatedness among different groups such as populations, species, or genera.
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| Allopatric speciation | The evolution of new species through the process of geographic isolation.
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| Sympatric speciation | The evolution of new species without geographic isolation.
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| Strength of selection | The difference between the mean of the phenotypic distribution before selection and the mean after selection, measured in units of standard deviations.
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| Heritability | The proportion of the total phenotypic variation that is caused by genetic variation.
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Created by:
BriawnaW
Popular Ecology sets