Electrolytes
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| Electrolytes dissociate into __________ when placed in a solution | Ions
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| Ions have a(n) _____________ charge | electrical
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| Anions have a(n) _____________ charge | negative
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| Cations have a(n) ___________ charge | positive
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| Main contributors to osmotic pressure | potassium (intracellular)
sodium (extracellular)
proteins (plasma)
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| total number of anions equals | total number of cations
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| reactivity measurements are expressed as | mEq/L or mmol/L
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| Major Cations | sodium Na+
potassium K+
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| Major Anions | Chloride Cl-
Bicarbonate HCCO3-
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| Sodium (Na) function/process | Blood Volume
Osmotic Regulation
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| Potassium (K) function/process | Blood volume
osmotic regulation
myocardial rhythm
acid-base balance
neuromuscular excitability
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| Chloride (Cl) function/process | blood volume
osmotic regulation
acid-base balance
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| Bicarbonate (HCO3) function/process | acid-base balance
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| Magnesium (Mg) function/process | myocardial rhythm
enzyme elevation
blood coagulation
neuromuscular excitability
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| Calcium (Ca) function/process | myocardial rhythm
enzyme activation
blood coagulation
neuromuscular excitability
production and use of ATP by glucose
regulation of ATPase ion pump
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| Phosphate (PO4) function/process | production and use of ATP by glucose
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| Intracellular Water Cation amount = Na+ = _______mmol/L K+ = __________ mmol/L Mg++ = ___________ mmol/L Which is the major cation | cations = 205
Na+ = 10 mmol/L
K+ = 160 mmol/L
Mg++ = 35 mmol/L
K+ is the major intra cellular cation
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| Intracellular water Anion amount = Cl- = _______ mmol/L HCO3- =______ mmol/L HPO4- =________mmol/L Protein- _________ mmol/L Which is the major anion | Anions= 205
Cl- = 2mmol/L
HCO3- = 8mmol/L
HPO4- =140 mmol/L
Protein- = 55 mmol/L
HPO4 is the major intracellular anion
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| Extracellular Water (plasma) Cation amount= Na+ = ________mmol/L K+ = _________mmol/L Ca++ = __________mmol/L Which is the major extracellular cation | Cation amount = 152
Na+ = 140 mmol/L
K+ = 5 mmol/L
Ca++ = 5 mmol/L
Sodium is the major extracellular cation
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| Extracellular water (plasma) Anion amount = Cl- = ______ mmol/L HCO3 = _______mmol/L HPO4 = ___________ mmol/L SO4 = __________mmol/L Organic acids _________ mmol/L Protein __________ mmol/L What is the major extracellular anion? | Anion amount = 152
Cl- = 105 mmol/L
HCO3 = 25 mmol/L
HPO4 = 2 mmol/L
So4 = 1 mmol/L
organic acids = 6 mmol/L
protein = 15 mmol/L
Chloride is the major extracellular anion
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| Sodium function | fluid distribution
maintain cell shape
transmits nerve impulses
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| Sodium regulates/regulations | Renin-ADH
Aldosterone (increase sodium, and decrease potassium)
controlled by kidneys
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| A decreased serum sodium (hyponatremia) can be caused by | GI Loss
Addison's disease (hypoaldosteronism)
Renal loss
Dilutional -edema
diabetic acidosis
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| A serum sodium of less than ______ can cause seizures, and coma | < 110 mmol/L
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| An increased serum sodium (hypernatremia) can be caused by | Excess water loss (dehydration)
Cushing's syndrome (hyperaldosteronism)
Iantrogenic -caused by medications such as diuretics
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| A serum sodium higher than __________ can cause muscular weakness, and seizures | >170 mmol/L
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| What is considered the most important of the four major electrolytes | Potassium
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| Potassium function | cell metabolism
cardiac muscular excitation
pH
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| Potassium regulates/regulation | aldosterone
H+ enter cells to be buffered and force K+ out of cells
Dietary intake
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| Decreased serum potassium (hypokalemia) can be caused by | increased cellular uptake
renal loss
GI loss
Hyperaldosteronism
decreased dietary intake
insulin injections (forces K+ into cells)
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| Increased serum potassium (hyperkalemia) can be caused by | trauma, crush injuries, blood transfusions
altered cellular uptake
impaired excretion
hypoaldosteronism
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| What can cause a FALSE increase in potassium | hemolysis
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| a serum potassium of less than ________ mmol/L can cause irregular heartbeat | <2.5 mmol/L
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| a serum potassium of more than ________mmol/L can cause an irregular heartbeat | >6.5 mmol/L
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| Chloride function/regulation | maintains hydration along with sodium
enzyme activator
concentration of chloride varies inversely with HCO3
As bicarbonate increases, chloride decreases
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| Decreased serum chloride (hypochloremia) can be caused by | prolonged vomiting due to loss of HCL
Diabetic ketoacidosis
Renal failure
Metabolic alkalosis
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| Increased serum chloride (hyperchloremia) can be caused by | dehydration
decreased renal blood flow
excessive loss of HCO3 through GI tract or renal loss
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| Bicarbonate function/regulation | major buffering system of plasma for acid-base balance
CO2+H2O <---> H+ + HCO3
regulated by the kidneys through increased and decreased tubular reabsorption
concentration varies inversely with chloride (chloride shift)
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| Decreased serum bicarbonate can be caused by | metabolic acidosis
renal failure
diarrhea
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| Increased serum bicarbonate can be caused by | metabolic alkalosis
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| Anion gap is | the difference between values of measured cations and measured anions
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| Purpose of anion gap | to get an estimation of undetermined anions in electrolyte determinations such as sulfates and organic acids such as ketoacids and lactic acid
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| anion gap is most useful in | determining degree o metabolic acidosis
quality control of electrolyte analyses
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| anion gap determination calculation is and it should equal approximately | (sodium+potassium) - (chloride+bicarbonate)
12-20mmol/L
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| An elevated gap can indicate | in increase in unmeasured anions such as organic acids
diabetic acidosis
lactic acidosis
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| if several patient anion gaps are decreased | check possible issues with electrodes, clean them, run controls and rerun patients
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| ADH (antidiuretic hormone) is synthesized | in the hypothalmus
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| ADH (antidiuretic hormone) is stored in | the posterior pituitary gland
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| ADH (antidiuretic hormone) increases water.... | reabsorption in the distal tubules
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| Renin is secreted by ________ in response to | the kidney
decreased renal blood flow
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| renin stimulates the | secretion of aldosterone
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| angiotensin is secreted by in response to | the liver
renin
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| angiotensin acts on the to stimulate the secretion of it I salso a powerful vasoconstrictor that increases | adrenal cortex
aldosterone
blood pressure
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| aldosterone is a hormone that is secreted from the it enhances followed by and excretion of | cortex of the adrenal gland
distal tubular reabsorption of sodium
water
potassium and hydrogen ions
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| Methods of measurement: Sodium | ion selective electrodes
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| Methods of measurement potassium | ion selective electrodes
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| methods of measurement chloride | ion selective electrodes
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| methods of measurement Bicarbonate or total CO2 | manometric (change in pressure)
colorimetric
enzymatic
CO2 electrode = modified pH electrode
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| ISE (ion selective electrodes) method sodium | glass ion exchange membrane electrode
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| ISE (ion selective electrodes) method potassium | valinomycin membrane electrodes
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| ISE (ion selective electrodes) method chloride | ion exchange electrode to selectively bind Cl- ions
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| ISE (ion selective electrodes) method bicarbonate | usually measured using blood gas analysis
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| iontophoreses the sweat inducing drug used in this process is | pilocarpine
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| sodium and chloride content of sweat in individuals with cystic fibrosis is usually | 60 mmol/L or greater
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Created by:
Mwortman
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