Poetry Terms for Berlin High School Sophomore Literature
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| form | the "look" of a poem; how the poem is presented on a page [often described in terms of lines and stanzas
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| stanza | a grouping of poetic lines that work as one unit of a poem (similar to a paragraph in a prose essay)
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| rhyme | the repetition of ending sounds of words such as rat/bat, nice/spice, or ingrain/disdain
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| rhyme scheme | the pattern of rhyme in a poem, especially in the last words of each line
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| internal rhyme | rhyming that takes place within the same line of poetry
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| rhythm | a repeating pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables; the beat
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| free verse | a style of poetry without a set rhyme scheme or rhythmic pattern
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| alliteration | the repetition of beginning sounds, especially consonant sounds as the repetitive Ns in "While I nodded nearly napping"
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| assonance | the repetition of vowel sounds in consecutive or nearby words as heard in the short A's in: "Diane spat sass at an aunt."
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| imagery | writing that appeals to the reader's senses
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| simile | a comparison, using the words "like" or "as," between two primarily unlike subjects, where the subjects share at least one characteristic in common
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| metaphor | a direct comparison (no "like" or "as") between two primarily unlike subjects, where the subjects share at least one characteristic in common.
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| extended metaphor | Multiple lines of a poem, or even the entire poem, work together to develop a comparison between two primarily unlike things that share one or more characteristic.
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| personification | giving human characteristics to a non-human thing or idea; this may also refer to giving animated characteristics to an inanimate object or idea
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| speaker | the voice in the poem; the narrator [This may be a character, rather than the voice of the poet.]
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| theme | Although this CAN also refer to the topic of primary focus in a poem, for our purposes this will refer to the MESSAGE about life or human nature that the poet shares with the reader.
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| narrative poetry | a type of poetry that tells a story
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| dramatic poetry | a type of poetry that contains character dialogue
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| onomatopoeia | the effect of words that describe sounds and sound like the sounds that they describe, such as crunch, crackle, boing, boom, or wham!
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| iambic rhythm | a rhythmic pattern characterized by accenting every second syllable [unaccented syllable followed by accented syllable]
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| iambic foot | a single unit of iambic rhythm; one unaccented syllable followed by one accented syllable as we see in the words beHIND or toDAY.
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| iambic pentameter | iambic rhythm repeating itself five consecutive times in each 10-syllable line of poetry (Example: What LIES beYOND the WEARy MILES of LIFE?)
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| syllable | elementary sound or combination of elementary sounds uttered with a single impulse of the voice; makes up a word or part of a word
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| couplet | consecutive (back to back) lines of poetry with the last word of each line rhyming [the lines work as a pair.]
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| quatrain | a four-line stanza; a set of four poetic lines that work together to form one unit of the rhyme scheme (such as in the following rhyme schemes: abab, abcb, abba)
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| lyric poetry | a form of poetry that expresses a speaker's personal thoughts and feelings [This form of poetry is named for a stringed instrument, the music of which often accompanied the reading or singing of these poems in ancient times.]
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| tone | the poet's or speaker's attitude toward the poem's subject
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| mood | the atmosphere or dominant feeling or emotion conveyed in a poem
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| symbolism | the use of representative symbols to describe a person, place, thing, feeling, or idea. The symbols draw parallels between the subject and some abstract property (ies) of the symbol [Example: A black cloud overhead may represent bad luck or depression.
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| parallelism | the repetition of similar wording and/or grammatical structures; the repetition of the same type of wording in any type of list [Examples: "Like father, like son." or "He works quickly, decisively, and skillfully (The list is all adverbs.)]
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| figurative language | the use of figures of speech (such as similes, metaphors, allusions, hyperboles, etc.) to be more impactful, more effective, or more persuasive; these figures of speech go beyond the literal meanings of words to offer new insights to the reader
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| hyperbole | exaggerated statements not intended to be taken literally
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| Shakespearean sonnet | a 14-line lyric poem written in iambic pentameter with an ABABCDCDEFEFGG rhyme scheme
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