Cognition
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| General Cognitive Functions (5) | Perceiving -> Remembering -> Understanding -> Judging -> Reasoning
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| Perceiving | Noticing something with your senses (information from the outer world) - Related to attention
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| Remembering | Storing information gathered through perception - Memory
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| Understanding | to know the meaning of information
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| Judging | to form an opinion about the correctness of information
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| Reasoning | to do something with the information (e.g., make an argument)
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| Extralinguistic cognitive domains (3) | Attention, memory, executive function.
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| Attention (4 types) | Ability to focus on stimulus: sustained (over a period), selective (filtering competing), divided (more than one at once), alternating
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| Memory (3 types) | The storage of information. 1) Working memory = space for manipulation. 2) Short-term memory = time in seconds. 3) Long-term memory
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| Types of long-term memory | 1) Declarative (Medial temporal lobe and diencephalon): episodic & semantic. 2) Non-declarative (basal ganglia): procedural
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| 4 Rules of Memory | 1-You cannot remember what you do not pay attention to.
2-You cannot remember (long term) what you do not understand.
3-You must practice memory (e.g., practicing piano).
4-You must actively manipulate memory to store it.
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| Internal Memory Strategies (5) | 1-Repetition (neuroplasticity – repetition matters!)
2-Visualization (visualize notes; turn info into story)
3-Association (mnemonics)
4-Grouping (place like items together)
5-Writing it down (physical writing improves memory)
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| External Memory Strategies (5) | 1-Calendars
2-To do lists
3-Journals
4-Electronic organization
5-Electronic reminders
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| Executive Functions | ... order and manage all other cognitive functions (e.g., attention, memory) for the purpose of setting and attaining goals
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| Prefrontal Cortex Functions | Restraint, Initiative, Order
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| Restraint | Judgement
Foresight
Perseverance
Delayed gratification
Inhibition of socially inappropriate responses
Self-governance
Concentration
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| Initiative | Curiosity
Spontaneity
Motivation
Drive
Creativity
Shifting Cognitive Set
Mental flexibility
Personality
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| Order | Abstract reasoning
Working memory
Perspective taking
Planning
Insight
Organization
Sequencing
Temporal order
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