Bio146 Final
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| __ are the collagen forming cells which form the extracellular matrix of cartilage | chondroblasts
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| three types of cartilage tissues are __ | hyaline; fibrous; elastic
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| the outside of cartilagenous tissue is surrounded by __ | perichondrium
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| *bone is technically an organ composed of all but one of the following __ | muscle fibers
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| the general functions of the skeleton are __ | internal support and protection; provide points of attachments for muscles; and blood cell production
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| the long bones are subject to the greatest twisting and bending forces in the central region of the diaphysis, to compensate in this area the spongy bone when compared to the compact bone __ | is almost non-existant
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| flat bones lack __ | medullary cavaties
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| loose connective tissue contains __ | white fibers; yellow fibers; and jelly-like intercellular material
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| tendons and ligaments are composed primarily of __ | fibrous connective tissue
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| cartilage tissues are likely to be slow in healing following an injury because __ | cartilage tissues lack direct blood supplies
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| __ are not in spongy bones | haversian systems
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| __ is an example of an intermembranous bone | the parietal bone of the skull
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| __ is the form in which calcium is found in the inorganic matrix of the bone | hydroxyapatite
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| __ in bone gives it tensile strength and some give | collagen
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| the skeletal system consists of __ | bones and joints; cartilage
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| in membranous ossification __ | bone develops within a sheet of connective tissue
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| from the early 20s to about age 40 __ | bone deposition and destruction are approximately equal
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| during endochondral ossification __ | ossification begins in the diaphysis; a cartilage model forms and is eroded away
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| T/F: once formed, bones are unchanging structures | false
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| intramembranous bone is __ | laid down as lattice work between the connective tissue membranes
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| most cranial and facial bones __ | develop by intramembranous ossification
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| a common type of fracture in children is a __ | green-stick fracture
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| a green-stick fracture results from __ | more collagenous fibers in relation to less salt matrix deposited
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| the mass of fibrocartilage that fills the gap between two ends of a broken bone in the early stage of healing | cartilaginous callus
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| __ is necessary to normal bone development | vitamin-D
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| __ stimulates cellular activity in the growing portion of long bones | human growth hormone
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| the thyroid hormone that causes excess calcium to be stored in the bone matrix is __ | calcitonin
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| the band of cartilage between the primary and secondary ossification centers in the long bone | epiphyseal disc
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| the essential difference between bone tissue and other tissues of the body lies in the composition of the __ | intercellular substance
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| parathyroid hormone acts to increase bone formation and __ | raise blood calcium levels
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| the reabsorption of previously laid-down bone is accomplished by __ | osteoclasts
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| __ are held together in a matrix of collagen and calcium salts | osetocytes
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| the effect of exercise on bone __ | causes them to be stronger
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| ricketts develops from a __ deficiency | vitamin-D
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| __ is likely to results from a vitamin-D deficiency | a decreased amount of calcium in osseous tissue; decreased absorption of calcium in the small intestine; and bone deformation
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| a disorder of bones closely related to decreased activity of osteoblasts due to a mineral deficiency | osteomalacia
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| fibrous joints are found where the main requirement is for __ | maintenance of shape and size
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| synovial joints are characterized by __ | a joint cavity; a synovial membrane; and lubrication by a thick fluid
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| as a function of the skeletal system __ is involved in blood cell formation | hemopoiesis
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| calls that form the various fibers of connective tissues | fibroblasts
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| __ ossification begins with a hyaline cartilage model | endochondral
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| __ ossification begins with a membrane enclosing embryological connective tissue | endochondral; and intramembranous
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| in __ ossification perichondrium is changed to periosteum | endochondral
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| in __ ossification cells differentiate into osteoblasts | intramembranous
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| are articulations classified as cartilaginous joints | synchondroses
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| connective tissue fibers that connect two bones | ligaments
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| *amphiarthroses is synonymous with __ | none
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| immovable or slightly movable fibrous joints lacking a joint cavity are called __ | synarthroses
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| a diarthrosis __ | is freely movable; has a joint cavity; is lined with a synovial membrane; and is stabilized by ligaments
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| the symphasis pubis is an example of a(n) __ joint | amphiarthrosis
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| the knee joint is an example of a(n) __ joint | diarthrosis
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| __ are the articulations between the bones of the cranium | sutures that become ossified
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| flexion | decreases the angle between bones
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| inversion | turning inward
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| abduction | movement away from the body
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| rotation | movement on own axis
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| circumduction | circular movement
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| suppination | turning palms inward
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| elevation | lifting as in shrugging shoulders
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| extension | increases the angle between bones
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| the general function of the muscular system is to __ | exert force on bones and produce movement; move fluids from one point to another; maintain body posture; and produce heat to maintain body temperature
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| perform opposite functions and generally are located on opposite sides of the limb | antagonistic muscles
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| __ muscles are important in smiling | striated
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| __ muscles are important in the heart pumping blood | cardiac
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| __ muscles are important in peristalysis GI tract rythmns | smooth
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| __ muscles are important in changing the diameter of blood vessels | smooth
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| gross movements of the body are brought about by __ | activity of the skeletal muscles
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| compared to skeletal muscle, smooth muscle __ | contracts more slowly and relaxes more slowly
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| the ability of muscle tissue to receive and respond to a stimulus | irritability
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| *all of the following groups are correct except __ | cardiac, striated, voluntary
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| *which of these is the correct order from large to small __ | fascialis, fiber, myofibril, sarcomere, myosin filament
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| sarcomere | a contracting unit of myofibrils
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| in response to an impulse the sarcoplasmic reticulum of a muscle fiber __ | releases Ca++ ions
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| muscle cells are believed to contract by __ | actin filaments pulled along myosin filaments
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| the primary source of energy for muscle contraction | ATP
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| during a normal skeleton muscle contraction the I-band __ | diminishes in size
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| normally the calcium ions in a muscle fiber are stored in the __ | sarcoplasmic reticulum
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| an individual motor neuron plus each of the muscle fibers it controls | motor unit
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| what calcium actually does during a muscle contraction is to __ | remove troponin from the active sites
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| muscles resist fatigue by storing __ | phosphocreatine and glycogen
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| oxygen that is produced by metabolism is __ | anaerobic
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| in fast twitch muscle fibers __ | contraction is rapid
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| in muscle contraction the __ shortens | sarcomere
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| in muscle contraction the latent period is __ | the time between stimulus and contraction
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| according to the all or none law of muscle contractions __ | when a muscle fiber contracts it contracts maximally
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| during exercise an individual uses __ as energy sources | neutral fats; muscle glycogen; and blood glucose
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| the chemical substance present in large amounts of fatigued muscles | lactic acid
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| energy sources used to sustain muscular contraction include __ | creatine phosphate; glucose; and fatty acids
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| the relatively fixed attachment of a muscle | origin
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| a muscle that develops tension against some load and also shortens is undergoing __ contraction | isotonic
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| an example of a partial but sustained contraction | muscle tone
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| when a muscle fiber is stimulated it contracts __ | completely or not at all
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| because the biceps and triceps have opposite functions they are known as __ | antagonists
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| *which of the following is not a characteristic of visceral smooth muscle __ | fatigues easily
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| in multi-unit smooth muscle __ | fibers are innervated by efferent neurons directly
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| compared to smooth muscle cells, skeletal muscle cells have __ | better developed sarcoplasmic reticulum
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| smooth muscle fibers are stimulated to contract by __ depending on the location of the smooth muscle | norepinephrine from the sympathetic efferent neurons; and acetycholine from parasympathetic efferent neurons
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| a depolarization wave moves deeply into a muscle fiber by means of the __ | transverse tubules
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| in a relaxed myofibril the I-bands are made of __ | actin filaments stretching inward from the Z-line
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| in a contracted myofibril the __ | I-band decreases in size and disappears; A-band stretches from Z-line to Z-line; and H-zone decreases in size and disappears
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| the most common type of lever found in the body | third-class
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| in a second-class lever the correct sequence is __ | fulcrum, weight, force
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| *which of the following is not correct __ | muscle which has an action that is the opposite of a prime mover is known as a synergist
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| muscle enlargement is due to __ | hypertrophy of muscle cells
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| *which of the following muscles is the abductor of the upper arm __ | deltoid
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| *when joe college puts out his hand to receive money from his father which pair of actions occur __ | extension and suppination
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| *which one of the following does not have its insertion on the humerus __ | triceps brachii
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| T/F: a wheelbarrow is an example of a second-class lever | true
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| T/F: muscles are able to convert chemical energy into mechanical energy | true
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| T/F: if a muscle contracts and it's fibers shorten, the contraction is isometic | false
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| T/F: the enzyme ATPase occurs in the globular end of myosin molecules and synthesizes ATP from phsphocreatine breakdown | false
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| T/F: glycolysis is the metabolic pathway by which glucose is converted into two molecules of citric acid | false
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| T/F: oxidative phosphorilization occurs within the sarcoplasm of the fiber | false
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| T/F: skeletal muscles at rest use fatty acids as their main energy source | false
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| T/F: glucose is converted into lactic acid during anaerobic respiration | true
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| T/F: aerobic respiration of one glucose molecule will yield carbon dioxide, water and 36 molecules of ATP | true
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| __ delivers the most ATP per glucose molecule metabolized | aerobic respiration
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| the byproducts of aerobic respiration are __ | heat; carbon dioxide; water; and ATP
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| __ lends extra oxygen to the muscle fiber | myoglobin
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| __ do not fatigue easily | red slow twitch fibers
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| the cardiovascular system consists of __ | blood; heart and blood vessels
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| not a formed element of the blood | plasma
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| blood functions to __ | protect, transport and regulate
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| hemopoesis | manufacture of blood cells
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| hemocytoblasts give rise to __ | erythrocytes, basophils, eosinophils and neutrophils
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| T/F: myoloid tissue in the red bone marrow of the humeri femora, ribs, sternum, pelvis and portions of the skull carry out hemopoesis | true
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| platelets are actually fragments of large cells knowns as __ | megakaryocytes
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| the most rapidly replaced elements of the blood | erythrocytes
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| the blood of an individual with blood type B contains __ | anti-A antibodies
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| erythroblastosis fetalis occurs when __ | an Rh- mother carries an Rh+ fetus
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| blood protects against invasion by micro-organisms by __ | providing leukocytes that phagocytize micro-organisms; carrying antibodies that can react with antigens of micro-organisms
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| the primary function of albumins in blood plasma is to __ | increase blood osmotic pressure
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| the extrinisic mechanism of blood clotting is __ | both activated by the release of tissue thromboplastin; and responsible for activating factor x
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| __ are ions that function as a co-factor during blood clot formation | Cl- and Ca++
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| blood clots are dissolved by __ | plasmin
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| possible causes for triggering intrinsic mechanism are __ | roughened linings of blood vessels; sluggish blood flow; inflamation
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| a danger created by floating clots (emboli) is that they __ | can become lodged in a blood vessel and block blood flow
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| antibodies | immunity
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| plasma proteins | durability of erythrocyte membrane
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| fibrinogen | blood clotting
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| hemoglobin | oxygen transport
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| neutrophils | phagocytize debris and produce lysozyme
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| eosinphils | may play a role in detoxification
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| basophils | release histamine
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| monocytes | move to tissues and become macrophages
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| lymphocytes | involved mainly in immunity
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| erythropoietin is __ | a combined effort by the kidney and liver
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| a lack of vitamin B12 is usually due to __ | a dietary deficiency
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| T/F: vitamin B12 and folic acid are necessary to cell growht and reproduction therefore the rate of red blood cell reproduction is dependant on the two victims | true
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| the most abundant type of leukocyte in a normal individual | neutrophil
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| which of the following nutrients are not present in plasma? cholesterol; polysaccharides; amino acids; glucose | polysaccharides
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| the most abundant plasma electrolytes are __ | calcium, sodium and chlorides
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| the platelet plug is strengthened by a meshwork for insoluable protein fibers called __ | fibrin
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| the mature erythrocytes is a biconcave disc about 8 microns in diameter and __ | lacks a nucleus
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| red blood cells transport oxygen chiefly in combination with __ | hemoglobin
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| blood serum | blood plasma minus all clotting elements
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| basophils, neutrophils and eosinophils may be readily distinguished from lymphocytes and monocytes by __ | the presence of granules in the cytoplasm
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| which of the following is not true of the heart? located in the media stinum; contracts about 120 times/min throughout life; consists of two parallel pumps; enclosed in the pericardial sac; lined with endothelium | contracts about 120 times/min throughout life
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| the muscular layer of the heart | myocardium
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| the QRS compelx of an EKG represents __ | depolarization of the ventricles
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| the volume of blood pumped by the left ventricle is __ the volume of blood pumped by the right ventricle | the same as
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| cardiac output is determind by __ | heart rate and stroke volume
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| according to Starling's law of the heart, increased venous return __ | increases stroke volume
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| the long refractory period of the heart muscle functions to __ | provide time for chambers and vessels of the heart wall to fill
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| the major function of the papillary muscles is to __ | prevent backflow of blood from the ventricles to the artria
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| the SA node of the heart acts as a pacemaker because __ | it generates action potentials at a greater frequency than other parts of the heart
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| the __ of an EKG shows the depolarization of the atria | P wave
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| the main event of atrial contractions | the last push to fill the ventricles completely
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| during ventricular contraction __ | the AV valves are closed and the semilunar valves are open
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| during ventricular ejection __ | ventricle pressures exceed arterial pressures; the semilunar valves are open
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| the major difference between the functions of the left and right sides of the heart is the __ | greater pressure produced by the left side
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| an orderly control of lood pressure and heart action are maintained principally by way of autonomic nerves to the heart and blood vessels from the __ | medulla oblongata
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| __ will increase the rate of firing of the SA node | norepinephrine and epinephrine
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| the pathway of electrical activity of the heart in sequential order is __ | SA node, AV node, AV bundle, perkinje fibers
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| the T wave of an EKG represents __ | repolarization of the ventricles
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| an EKG is a record of __ | the electrical activity through the heart; the rate and strength of the heart contractions
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| the __ contributes least to the resistance against which the force of cardiac contraction acts | overall resistance in the veins
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| blood pressure is lowest in the __ | capillaries
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| the highest pressure in an artery develops during the __ phase of the cardiac cycle | systolic
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| the __ is most important in moving substances out of the capillaries | blood hydrostatic pressure
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| blood vessels that carry blood towards the heart | veins
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| the __ coat of a blood vessel contains the endothelium | tunica intima
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| valves similar to the semilunar valves are found in the __ | veins
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| when contrasting arteries and veins __ | arteries have a greater amount of smooth muscles than veins
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| properties of capillaries that enhance the exchange that occurs between the capillary walls and interstitial fluids | thinness of the capillary wall; extensive branching of the capillaries; and slow blood flow through the capillaries
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| the right ventricle pumps blood into the __ circuit | pulmonary circulation
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| the left ventricle pumps blood into the __ circuit | systemic circulation
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| systolic pressure is __ than diastolic pressure | greater than
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| the velocity of blood in veins is __ than the velocity of blood in arteries | less than
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| the thickness of the tunica media in veins is __ than the thickness of the tunica media in arteries | less than
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| the viscosity of blood is __ than the viscosity of water | greater than
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| blood pressure during shock is __ than blood pressure during exercise | less than
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| veins from different organs and tissues unite to form two large veins returning blood to the heart | inferior and superior vena cava
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| the __ is the one common structural component in the entire cardiovascular system from the heart to the smallest capillary | endothelial cell of the intima
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| veins have less resistance than arteries due to their __ | larger diameter
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| the back flow of blood in the veins is prevented by __ | venous valves opening in only one direction
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| __ capillaries are found in the muscles and the brain | continuous
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| venous return to the heart is aided by __ | the volume difference between the thoracic and abdominal cavaties; and the skeletal muscle group
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| the __ is equal to the hydrostatic pressure of the blood in the capillaries minus the hydrostatic pressure of the tissue fluid outside the capillaries | net filtration pressure
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| solutes move across the capillary wall primarily by __ | passive diffusion
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| edema may result from __ | high blood pressure
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| T/F: glucose, small organic molecules, inorganic salts and ions are filtered along with water through the capillary channels | true
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| the capillary wall is impermeable to __ | plasma proteins (albumins)
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| T/F: stem cells are the cells from which all kinds of blood cells develop | true
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| your blood type is __ | A+
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| the urinary system | regulates electrolytes, acid-base balance and water and removes waste
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| the microscopic functional unit of the kidney | nephron
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| urine that leaves the distal convoluted tubule passes through the __ in sequential order | collecting duct, calyx, pelvis and ureter
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| filtrate must pass through __ in sequential order | glomerulus, Bowman's capsule, proximal tubule, Henle's loop, distal tubule, collecting tubule
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| a bladder is useful because it __ | stores urine to prevent constant urination
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| urine formation involves __ | filtration, selective reabsorption and tubular secretion
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| the structure that carries urine from the bladder to the exterior of the body | urethra
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| which of the following is not a function of tubular secretion? to remove waste, regulate electrical charge in body fluids, concentrate urine, regulate pH of other body fluids | concentrate urine
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| excessive intake of fluid would __ | decrease specific gravity of urine
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| T/F: the kidneys are located in the posterior part of the abdominal cavity anterior to the parietal peritoneum | false
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| T/F: the fluid within Bowman's capsule is referred to as glomerular filtrate | true
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| T/F: except for the loop of Henle, nephron units are located in the renal medulla | false
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| T/F: the phase of urine formation taking place in the glomerular capsule is primarily a process of diffusion | false
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| T/F: aside from the reabsorption of water, the most massive operation carried out by the kidney is the active reabsorption of potassium | false
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| T/F: the osmotic potential pressure of blood in the peritubular capilarries is relatively greater than that of the blood in the glomerulus | true
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| T/F: the renal medulla consists of cone shaped masses called calyces seperated by renal columns | false
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| T/F: active transport requires the expenditure of energy by cells of the proximal convoluted tubule | true
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| which of the following constituents of the glomerular filtrate are completely reabsorbed regardless of their concentration? glucose, amino acids, sodium, creatinine, none of these | none of these
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| the chief organic constituent of urine | urea
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| which of the following factors oppose filtration from the glomerulus? blood osmotic pressure, blood hydrostatic pressure, plasma hydrostatic pressure | blood osmotic pressure
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| the counter current exchanger (multiplier) __ | removes sodium from extracellular fluids; and maintains high concentrations of sodium chloride in extracellular fluids
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| aggregation of collecting ducts form __ | pyramids
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| podocytes are found in __ | glomerular capsules
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| an increase in the permeability of the cells of the collecting duct to water is due to __ | an increase in the production of ADH
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| the osmotic gradient in the medullary interstitial area depends in part on the __ | permeability of the loop of Henle
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| the main function of the digestive tract is __ | digestion; absorption
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| the salivary glands nearest the ear are the __ | parotid
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| deglutiation is __ | voluntarily initiated; completed by involuntary movements
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| the __ is not part of the alimentary canal | liver
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| a set of desiduous teeth consists of 20 teeth while a set of permanent teeth consists of __ | 32
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| the salivary enzyme amylase functions to digest __ | complex carbohydrates
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| the __ layer of the digestive tract is in direct contact with consumed food | mucosa
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| food is prevented from moving into the nasal cavity during swallowing by the __ | soft palate
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| the __ produces bile | liver
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| the bulk of food materials are absorbed by villi located in the __ | jejunum
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| T/F: carbohydrate digestion is initiated by the pancreatic amylase | false
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| T/F: the common bile duct enters the jejunum of the small intestine | false
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| T/F: the rugae of the stomach serves the same function as the villi of the small intestine | false
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| T/F: the waves of muscular contraction that push food down throughout the esophagus stomach and the rest of the digestion tract are called peristalsis | true
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| T/F: amino acids that can't be synthesized by the body are considered non-essential amino acids | false
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| T/F: digestion in the large intestine involves completion of both protein and carbohydrate hydrolysis | false
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| T/F: absorption of carbohydrates involves diffusion of glucose and active transport of the glucose across the mucosa | false
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| T/F: a meal consisting of a hamburger with the works on a bun served with a milkshake is deficient in the cereal group of foods | false
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| T/F: cholecystokinin is the hormone that provokes emptying of the gall bladder into the common bile duct | true
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| T/F: the typical american diet contains excess calories, fats, proteins and sodium | true
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| which of the following stomach cell types is not correctly matched with it's function? mucus cells produce mucus; parietal cells produce hydrochloric acid; endocrine cells produce intrinsic factor; chief cells produce pepsinogen | endocrine cells produce intrinsic factor
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| the largest internal organ of the body is the __ | liver
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| nutrient-rich blood coming to the liver from the intestine enters by way of the __ | hepatic portal vein
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| which of the following is not a function of the hepatocytes? pick up nutrients from the blood and process them; produce digestive enzymes; store certain vitamins; play a role in detoxification | produce digestive enzymes
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| the exocrine portion of the pancreas consists of the __ | acini
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| which of the following enzymes is not matched with its proper substrate? pepsin-protein; amylase-starch; trypsin-nucleic acid; lipase-fat; pepsidase-polypeptides | trypsin-nucleic acid
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| formation of HCl in the stomach involves | active transport of the H+ ions into the lumen of the stomach
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| if the thoracic duct were tied off __ would not enter the circulatory system at their normal rate | lipids
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| in alveoli of the lungs the partial pressure of oxygen is __ than that in the atmosphere | less
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| quiet inspiration | lungs passively expand and the diaphragm contracts
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| oxygen diffuses into the blood from the alveoli and carbon dioxide diffuses into the alveoli from the blood until the respective pressures of these gases in the blood that leaves the lungs are __ | equal to those gases in the alveoli
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| ventilation may be increased in response to __ | increased pressure of carbon dioxide in the lungs and lowered pH of blood plasma
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| the phase of respiration where oxygen is utilized and carbon dioxide is produced | cellular respiration
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| the larynx connects the laryngopharnyx which lies above it with the __ which is below it | trachea
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| the excahnge of gases between the blood and the tissue fluid and between thetissue fluid and the cells | internal respiration
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| imediately after passing through the nasal cavity during inspiration air passes through the __ | nasopharynx
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| this structure does not serve as an air passageway | esophagus
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| the mechanical process of letting air out of the lungs | exhalation
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| the volume of gas that remains in the lungs after the most forceful exhalation | residual volume
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| the space seperating the two lungs | media stinum
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| most of the air that enters the respiratory system ends up in the __ | alveoli
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| acid-base regulation by the lungs involves __ | elimination of carbon dioxide
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| the most crucial substance for the body | water
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| functions of the respiratory system | humidify, warm and filter the air; gas exchange with the blood
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| is passed 3rd by oxygen moving from the alveolus to the red blood cells | endothelium
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|
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| carbaminohemoglobin is formed when __ | carbon dioxide binds with hemoglobin
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|
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| most of the oxygen transported by the blood is bound to hemoglobin as | oxyhemoglobin
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|
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| would not cause inspiration | the diaphragm in its dome-up position
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|
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| during heavy exercise __ occur | the heart beats faster; more air is taken in with each breath; number of breaths/min increases; and carbon dioxide stimulates the respiratory center neurons due to lowering of the blood pH
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| the amount of air taken in and out with each breath | tidal volume
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| the functional units of the respiratory system where gas exchange occurs | alveoli
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|
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| the exchange of Cl- with HCl-3 in the red blood cell as the blood moves through the capillary | chloride shift
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|
||||
| T/F: the pneumotaxic center in the pons promotes the activity of the inspiratory neuron of the medulla | true
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|
||||
| the mucos of the trachea consists of __ | pseuodostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells
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|
||||
| __ is not associated with the left lung | the middle lobe
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|
||||
| 1 atmosphere of pressure is equal to __ | 760 mm Hg; the combined pressures of all the gases together
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|
||||
| vital capacity | total exchangable lung volume
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|
||||
| residual volume | volume of gas remaining in the lungs after maximum expiration
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|
||||
| espiratory reserve volume | maximum volume of gas that can be inspired from the end of tidal inspiration
🗑
|
||||
| tidal volume | the volume of gas inspired or expired in one quiet cycle
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|
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