orchestra and music vocabulary terms
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| pizzicato | pluck string
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| legato | play notes smoothly and connected
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| arco | use bow
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| piano | quiet, p
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| forte | loud, f
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| mezzo forte | medium loud, mf
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| mezzo piano | medium quiet, mp
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| crescendo | gradually play louder
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| diminuendo | gradually play quieter
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| measure | the space between two bar lines on a music staff
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| sharp | raises the pitch of a note by one half step, looks like a hashtag
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| key signature | sharps of flats after the clef that change certain notes throughout the entire piece
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| top number of the time signature | tells us the number of beats or counts in a measure
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| bottom number of the time signature | tells us the note that gets a beat or count, i.e. in 4/4 time a quarter note gets a beat
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| half note | a note that lasts for 2 beats in 4/4 time, a note head with a stem
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| quarter note | a note that lasts for 1 beat in 4/4 time, a solid note head with a stem
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| whole note | a note that lasts for 4 beats in 4/4 time, a single note head, no stem
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| eighth note | a note that lasts for 1/8 of a whole note in 4/4 time. 2 grouped together with a single bar across the top represents one beat
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| sixteenth note | a note that lasts 1/16 of a whole note in 4/4 time. 4 grouped together with two bars across the top represents one beat
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| quarter rest | one beat of silence in 4/4 meter
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| half rest | two beats of silence in 4/4 meter, looks like a top hat
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| rest | a symbol of no sound
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| major scale | a series of ascending or descending notes, the pattern of intervals is whole step, whole step, half step, whole step, whole step, whole step, half step or WWH WWWH
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| whole step | an interval of two half steps, i.e. F to E
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| half step | smallest space or interval between two notes, i.e. F to F sharp
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| articulation | how the notes are attacked or started
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| simile | continue playing music in a similar way to the previous section
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| tremolo | repeating a note very rapidly, done by moving the bow rapidly at the tip
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| adagio | moderately slow tempo
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| presto | very rapid tempo
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| ritardando | gradually slow down the speed of the beat
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| da capo (D.C) | signals the performer to go to the beginning of the piece
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| dal segno (D.S.) | signals the performer to go to the sign in the piece
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| fine | marks the end of a piece
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| fermata | A marking requiring the performer to hold the note as long as the conductor or performer sees fit.
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| key signature of C Major | no sharps or flats
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| key signature of G Major | F Sharp
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| key signature of D Major | F sharp, C sharp
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| key signature of A Major | F sharp, C sharp, G sharp
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| key signature of F Major | B flat
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| key signature of Bb Major | B flat, E flat
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| key signature of Eb Major | B flat, E flat, A flat
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| dotted half note | a note that lasts for 3 beats in 4/4 time, an open note head with a stem and a dot on the side
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| dotted quarter rest | a note that lasts for 1 1/2 beats in 4/4 time, a closed note head with a stem and a dot on the side
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| Baroque Era | 1600-1750 music was frilly, fancy grotesque. Bach, Vivaldi are the well known composers of this era. Chamber music or small groupings were the orchestras of the time.
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| Classical Era | 1750-1825 music was symmetrical, simple, and had form. The string quartet and symphony were created. Mozart and Haydn are the composers of the era. Orchestras grew to include the timpani. The violin family developed to the modern instruments of today.
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| Romantic Era | 1825-1900 Emotion-filled and patriotic. Brahms and Tchaikovsky were the composers of this era. Symphonies are very large and expanded in this era.
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| Contemporary (20th/21st century) | 1900-today Experimental, reactions to world wars, electronics. Stravinsky and Williams are the composers of this era. Music for films, video games is popular.
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| Modern violin | developed in the classical era. Stradivarius was a famous maker from Italy.
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| fiddle music | used for social purposes and dances
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| allegro | quick tempo
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| staccato | short bows, stays on the string
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| spiccato | short bows that bounce off the string
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| tie | a symbol that connects two notes of the same pitch. notes values are added together and played as one long note
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| Mozart | Classical Era, famous for operas
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| Haydn | Classical Era, famous for string quartets and symphonies
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| Bach | Baroque Era, famous for organ, violin, and chamber music
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| Vivaldi | Baroque Era, famous for violin concertos and chamber music
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| Brahms | Romantic Era, famous for large symphonies, beautiful melodies
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| Tchaikovsky | Romantic Era, famous for ballets like the Nutcraker and Swan Lake
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| Stravinsky | 20th Century Era, neoclassicism--classical forms with new tones and harmonies and instruments
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| Williams | 20th/Contemporary Eras, famous for movie scores like Star Wars and Harry Potter
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