digestive tract terms and functions
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| show | Transfer nutrients, water, and electrolytes from ingested food into body’s internal environment
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| Four functions of the digestive system | show 🗑
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| Two types of digestive motility | show 🗑
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| show | Push contents forward through the digestive tract
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| show | Serve two functions
-Mixing food with digestive juices promotes digestion of foods
-Facilitates absorption by exposing all parts of intestinal contents to absorbing surfaces of digestive tract
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| Secretion [3] | show 🗑
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| show | Biochemical breakdown of structurally complex foodstuffs into smaller, absorbable units
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| show | Accomplished by enzymatic hydrolysis
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| show | Carbohydrates → monosaccharides
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| Complex foodstuffs and their absorbable units: Fats >> | show 🗑
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| Complex foodstuffs and their absorbable units: Proteins >> | show 🗑
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| Absorption [Be as specific as you can] | show 🗑
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| show | – Mucosa
– Submucosa
– Muscularis externa
– Serosa
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| Innermost layer | show 🗑
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| Outermost layer | show 🗑
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| show | – Mucosa
– Submucosa
– Muscularis externa
– Serosa
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| show | Lips
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| show | Lips
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| Forms roof of oral cavity (separates mouth from nasal passages) | show 🗑
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| Uvula (seals off nasal passages during swallowing) | show 🗑
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| Forms floor of oral cavity, Composed of skeletal muscle | show 🗑
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| show | Tongue
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| Responsible for mastication | show 🗑
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| First step in digestive process | show 🗑
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| show | Chewwing
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| show | 99.5% ; 0.5%
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| show | Three major pairs
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| Facilitates swallowing by moistening food | show 🗑
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| show | Salivary amylase begins digestion of carbohydrates
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| show | – Lysozyme destroys bacteria
– Saliva rinses away material that could serve as food source for bacteria
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| show | Pharynx
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| Muscular tube from pharynx to stomach | show 🗑
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| Upper 1/3—_____ muscle Lower 2/3—_____ muscle | show 🗑
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| show | Pharynx
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| show | Skeletal muscle between pharynx and
esophagus
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| Lower esophageal sphincter | show 🗑
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| J-shaped sac-like chamber lying between esophagus and small intestine | show 🗑
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| Stomach divided into three sections | show 🗑
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| show | Fundus
Body
Antrum
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| Secretes hydrochloric acid (HCl) and enzymes that begin protein digestion | show 🗑
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| show | Stomach
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| Store ingested food until it can be emptied into small intestine | show 🗑
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| show | Pyloric sphincter
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| show | - Pepsinogen secreted by chief cells
- Hydrogen ions secreted by parietal cells
- Intrinsic factor secreted by parietal cells
- Gastrin secreted from G cells (hormone)
- Mucus secreted from neck cells
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| show | Pepsinogen
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| Maintain acidic environment of stomach | show 🗑
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| show | Intrinsic factor secreted by parietal cells
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| show | Small intestine
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| show | Small intestine
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| Three segments of small intestine | show 🗑
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| Dont Jerk It | show 🗑
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| show | Small intestine
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| show | Aqueous salt and mucus solution
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| ______ ______ and ______ empty into duodenum | show 🗑
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| ____________ – trypsinogen → trypsin | show 🗑
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| Disaccharidases – __________ → monosaccharides | show 🗑
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| Aminopeptidases – __________ → amino acids | show 🗑
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| _______ _______ releases bile into duodenum | show 🗑
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| Fat is digested entirely within ______ ______ lumen by pancreatic lipase | show 🗑
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| _______-_______ enzymes complete digestion of carbohydrates and protein | show 🗑
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| Absorbs almost everything presented to it | show 🗑
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| What is a "brush-border" and what is the purpose of it | show 🗑
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| show | Folds, villi, and microvilli
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| Contain blood vessels and lacteal for absorption of nutrients | show 🗑
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| Form brush border | show 🗑
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| Only _________ are absorbed | show 🗑
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| Typical diet: _____-_____ grams carbohydrates | show 🗑
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| show | – Sucrose – Lactose – Maltose – Starch – Glycogen – Cellulose (fiber, cannot be digested)
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| Digestion of Starch: [2 enzymes] | show 🗑
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| show | End product
– Disaccharides (maltose)
– Limit dextrins
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| Carbohydrate Digestion: Enzymes: ________ – limit dextrins > glucose | show 🗑
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| Carbohydrate Digestion: Enzymes: _______ – polysaccharides > glucose | show 🗑
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| show | Sucrase
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| show | Lactase
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| Carbohydrate Digestion: Enzymes: ______ – maltose > 2 glucose | show 🗑
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| show | Brush border of small intestine
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| Transport from lumen to blood | show 🗑
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| Glucose and galactose absorbed by | show 🗑
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| Fructose absorbed by | show 🗑
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| Typical diet: ___ grams/day protein – Only require __-__ grams | show 🗑
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| show | – Amino acids
– Dipeptides
– Tripeptides
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| show | Stomach
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| show | Pepsinogen ; Chief cells ; Pepsin
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| show | Inactive form of pepsin
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| What activates pepsinogen? | show 🗑
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| show | – Trypsin
– Chymotrypsin
– Carboxypeptidase
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| show | – Aminopeptidase
– Enterokinase
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| show | Secondary active ; facilitated diffusion ; facilitated diffusion
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| Di and Tripeptides – Cross apical membrane by______ ______ – Broken down inside cell to ______ ______ – Amino acids cross basolateral membrane by _____ _____ | show 🗑
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| show | Exogenous is dietary protein; endogenous proteins are digestive enzymes, sloughed epithelial cells, and leaked plasma proteins.
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| show | 25–160 grams ; 90%
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| Lipids face special problem in digestion and absorption... which is... | show 🗑
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| show | Lipases
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| Lipase is secreted from the ______ and is the enzyme for ___ breakdown. | show 🗑
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| show | Fat droplet
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| ____ _____ increase surface area of droplets by breaking large droplet into several small droplets = a process called.. | show 🗑
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| show | Liver, Cholesterol
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| Bile Salts: Secreted in _____ to _______ | show 🗑
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| show | Amphipathic, emulsify
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| show | 2 Fatty acids ; micelles
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| show | Simple diffusion
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| Monoglycerides and Fatty Acids Once Inside epithelial cell (through ____ ____) enters the _____ _____ and reform triglycerides and other lipids. Lipids then enter ____ ____ to be packaged into chylomicrons | show 🗑
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| Lipase is secreted by the | show 🗑
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| show | Exocytosis ; lymphatic system
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| show | Exocrine ; endocrine
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| Elongated gland located behind and below the stomach | show 🗑
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| Endocrine function of the pancreas | show 🗑
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| What part of the pancreas secretes insulin and glucagon | show 🗑
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| show | Secretes pancreatic juice consisting of
- Pancreatic enzymes actively secreted by acinar cells that form the acini
- Aqueous alkaline solution actively secreted by duct cells that line pancreatic ducts
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| Pancreatic Enzymes: Proteolytic enzymes [ 3 ] | show 🗑
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| Trypsinogen converted to ; for... | show 🗑
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| Chymotrypsinogen is converted to active form ; for... | show 🗑
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| show | Carboxypeptidase ; Digestion of protein
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| Pancreatic Amylase vs Pancreatic Lipase | show 🗑
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| show | Liver
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| Body’s major biochemical factory | show 🗑
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| Liver receives blood from two sources | show 🗑
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| Importance to digestive system – secretion of bile salts | show 🗑
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| show | – Metabolic processing
– Detoxifying
– Synthesizes plasma proteins
– Stores glycogen, fats, iron, copper, and many vitamins
– Activates vitamin D
– Removes bacteria and worn-out red blood cells
– Excretes cholesterol and bilirubin
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| show | Liver ; Gallbladder
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| show | Bile salts
Cholesterol
Lecithin
Bilirubin
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| Primarily a drying and storage organ | show 🗑
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| Large intestine consists of what four parts | show 🗑
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| Colon: Extracts more _____ and _____ from contents | show 🗑
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| show | Large intestine
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| show | 500-1000
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| show | - Enhance intestinal immunity by out competing pathogenic bacteria
-Promote colonic motility
-Help maintain mucosal integrity
-Ferment fiber
-Produce vitamin K
-Decrease colonic pH allowing calcium, magnesium and zinc absorption
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| The chyme entering the intestine from the stomach is: | show 🗑
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