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Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in each of the black spaces below before clicking on it to display the answer.
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Question
Answer
What are the 6 functions of the skin   Protection, production, thermoregulation, communication, sensory function, storage  
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How does the protection function work   The skin acts as a barrier between internal and external environment such as water, toxins, trauma, UV light and microorganisms  
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How is oil produced   Through sebaceous glands. It forms a thin water repellent layer over the skin. It gives a sheen to the coat and helps to control bacteria  
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How is sweat produced   Comes from sudoriferous glands found in foot and nose pads  
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How is vitamins D produced   UV light acts on a precursors chemical in the skin that gets converted to vitamin D3 and absorbed into the bloodstream. This vitamin is then converted by the liver into a compound used by the kidneys to make calcitrol for calcium absorption  
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How are pheromones produced   Produced by specialised glands. They have a role in communication such as territory marking  
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What do mammary glands produce   They are modified sweat glands that produce milk  
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What do anal glands sacs produce   Produce a secretion with a smell used for territory marking  
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What are ceruminious glands   Modified sebaceous glands that secrete cerumen as a protective wax to line the ear canal  
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What do nerve receptors in the skin respond to   Temperature, touch, pain, itchiness, pressure  
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Where do nerve fibres travel to and form   From receptors to the CNS  
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How is storage used in skin   Adipose tissue acts as an energy store and thermal insulation  
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What are the five ways thermoregulation is used   1. Vasoconstriction and vasodilation. 2. Erection of hair trapping hair trapping heat 3. Subcutaneous fat 4. Hair coat 5. Sweat  
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How is communication used in the skin   Specialise glands in the skin produce pheromones for intra-specific communication  
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What are the three layers of the skin   Epidermis, dermis and hypodermis  
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Describe the epidermis   It is the outermost layer of the skin. It is composed of stratified squamous epithelium. Cells are constantly being produced. There are no blood vessels (avascular). Received nutrients from the dermis. Has a high content of keratin  
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What are the four layers of the epidermis   Stratum basale, stratum granulosum, stratum luciderm, stratum Corneum  
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Describe stratum basale   Single layer of cells that divide rapidly by mitosis. Has melanocytes that contain granules of melanin pigment  
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Describe stratum granulosum   Cells are flattened and keratinisation begins  
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What is Keratinisation   Making keratin  
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What is stratum luciderm   Cells lose their nucleus  
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What is stratum corneum   Most superficial layer. The cells have no nuclei and are fully keratinised and are flattened. They are known as squames  
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Describe the dermis   Carries blood vessels and nerve fibres. It is composed of dense connective tissue and collagen and elastic fibres  
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What is in the dermis   Hair follicles, sebaceous glands and sweat glands  
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Describe the hypodermis   Also known as subcuticular layer. Is a layer of loose connective tissue and fat. Has elastic fibres that give the skin stretch  
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What is a guard hair   Hair which is larger and stiffer than the other hairs. Only one per follicle  
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What are under hairs   The smaller softer hairs in the bundles  
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What is vibrissae   Long sensory hairs. Eg. Whiskers  
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What are supercillary hairs   Found immediately above the eyelids  
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What are submental hairs   Larger tufty hairs Eg. Eyebrows  
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How much hair is produced per week   1mm  
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Growth of hair is controlled by   Environment, nutrition and hormones  
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Describe what hair is   A keratinised structure covering surface of dog and cat  
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What is the hair shaft   The part of the hair that can be seen from the skin  
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What is the hair root   The part that lies within the skin  
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What is the hair follicle   Where hair grows and develops in the epidermal cells  
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Describe the sabaceous glands around the hair follicles   Secrete sebum that forms a water repellant layer over the skin surface  
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What do blood vessels do in the dermis   Supplies blood to the arrector pills muscle, nerves and tissues around the hair follicle  
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What does the arrector pilli muscle   Stands hair erect  
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What is the hair bulb   In the dermis where epidermal thickening covers the papilla which forms a bulb  
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What is the papilla   The hair cone in the dermis  
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How is hair formed   Hair is formed in the epidermal tissue that extends to form a hair papilla. The hair grows, destroying the cells and leaving a hair follicle for the hair to grow through called the hair shaft  
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What are the three cycles of hair growth   Anagen, catgen and telogen  
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What is anagen   The period of active growth  
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What is catagen   Transitional period  
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What is telogen   Resting period where Hair remains in follicle until shed  
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Describe wool hairs   Insulating shorter, softer hairs beneath the topcoat. They trap air to keep the body warm. They grow from secondary hair follicles that surround the primary follicle  
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How are vibrassae sensory   Transmit information about environment to the brain  
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Describe the footpads   The skin is keratinised an thick. The dog had conical papillae that are worn down on hard surfaces. They have a thickened dermis that contain fat tissue. They have a digital cushion that that acts as a shock absorber  
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Describe the claws   They are modified epidermal structures and form the third phalanx where they cover the ungual process. The have lots of keratin. The tissue is referred to as a horn  
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What is the coronary border   Skin folds over the claw  
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What is the skin border   Clawfold  
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How do dog and cat claws differ   Cats can retract their claws. Cats have narrower claws  
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What is the rhinarium   The nose pad  
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Describe rhinarium   Thick, keratinised and hairless. Has a unique print  
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What are tail glands   Found on dorsal surface near the tail base. They secrete and oily substance  
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What are circum anal glands   Form a ring around the anus where the ducts drain into the ducts of modified sweat glands  
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What are mammarh glands   Modified sweat glands that have glandular tissue lined with secretory epithelium. Secretions drain through teat sinuses. Open at teat orifices  
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What is lactation   Secretion of milk by mammary glands  
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What is colostrum   Thick yellow secretion in mammary glands several weeks before and one week after pasturation (pregnancy). Rich in antibiodies  
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How much hair does the scrotum have   Not much as the semen has to be at a low temperature  
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When do domesticated animals shed   All year round  
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What are mysticials   Vibrissae  
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What are the centre of the sweat pads called   Metacarpal/metatarsal pads  
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What do dogs and cats have known as a stopper pad   Carpal pad  
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What are dewclaws used for   Nothing now  
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What does the unique print of the nose reflect   The pattern of the dermal papillae  
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How to sudoriferous glands work   They open into the hair follicle or skin surface and the sweat evaporates and causes cooling of the body and also contains some waste  
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Where are anal glands found   At the opening at either side of the anus where the terminal end of the digestive tubes join the skin  
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