Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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What are the 6 functions of the skin | Protection, production, thermoregulation, communication, sensory function, storage
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How does the protection function work | The skin acts as a barrier between internal and external environment such as water, toxins, trauma, UV light and microorganisms
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How is oil produced | Through sebaceous glands. It forms a thin water repellent layer over the skin. It gives a sheen to the coat and helps to control bacteria
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How is sweat produced | Comes from sudoriferous glands found in foot and nose pads
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How is vitamins D produced | UV light acts on a precursors chemical in the skin that gets converted to vitamin D3 and absorbed into the bloodstream. This vitamin is then converted by the liver into a compound used by the kidneys to make calcitrol for calcium absorption
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How are pheromones produced | Produced by specialised glands. They have a role in communication such as territory marking
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What do mammary glands produce | They are modified sweat glands that produce milk
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What do anal glands sacs produce | Produce a secretion with a smell used for territory marking
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What are ceruminious glands | Modified sebaceous glands that secrete cerumen as a protective wax to line the ear canal
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What do nerve receptors in the skin respond to | Temperature, touch, pain, itchiness, pressure
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Where do nerve fibres travel to and form | From receptors to the CNS
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How is storage used in skin | Adipose tissue acts as an energy store and thermal insulation
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What are the five ways thermoregulation is used | 1. Vasoconstriction and vasodilation.
2. Erection of hair trapping hair trapping heat
3. Subcutaneous fat
4. Hair coat
5. Sweat
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How is communication used in the skin | Specialise glands in the skin produce pheromones for intra-specific communication
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What are the three layers of the skin | Epidermis, dermis and hypodermis
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Describe the epidermis | It is the outermost layer of the skin. It is composed of stratified squamous epithelium. Cells are constantly being produced. There are no blood vessels (avascular). Received nutrients from the dermis. Has a high content of keratin
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What are the four layers of the epidermis | Stratum basale, stratum granulosum, stratum luciderm, stratum Corneum
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Describe stratum basale | Single layer of cells that divide rapidly by mitosis. Has melanocytes that contain granules of melanin pigment
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Describe stratum granulosum | Cells are flattened and keratinisation begins
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What is Keratinisation | Making keratin
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What is stratum luciderm | Cells lose their nucleus
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What is stratum corneum | Most superficial layer. The cells have no nuclei and are fully keratinised and are flattened. They are known as squames
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Describe the dermis | Carries blood vessels and nerve fibres. It is composed of dense connective tissue and collagen and elastic fibres
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What is in the dermis | Hair follicles, sebaceous glands and sweat glands
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Describe the hypodermis | Also known as subcuticular layer. Is a layer of loose connective tissue and fat. Has elastic fibres that give the skin stretch
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What is a guard hair | Hair which is larger and stiffer than the other hairs. Only one per follicle
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What are under hairs | The smaller softer hairs in the bundles
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What is vibrissae | Long sensory hairs. Eg. Whiskers
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What are supercillary hairs | Found immediately above the eyelids
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What are submental hairs | Larger tufty hairs Eg. Eyebrows
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How much hair is produced per week | 1mm
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Growth of hair is controlled by | Environment, nutrition and hormones
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Describe what hair is | A keratinised structure covering surface of dog and cat
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What is the hair shaft | The part of the hair that can be seen from the skin
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What is the hair root | The part that lies within the skin
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What is the hair follicle | Where hair grows and develops in the epidermal cells
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Describe the sabaceous glands around the hair follicles | Secrete sebum that forms a water repellant layer over the skin surface
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What do blood vessels do in the dermis | Supplies blood to the arrector pills muscle, nerves and tissues around the hair follicle
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What does the arrector pilli muscle | Stands hair erect
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What is the hair bulb | In the dermis where epidermal thickening covers the papilla which forms a bulb
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What is the papilla | The hair cone in the dermis
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How is hair formed | Hair is formed in the epidermal tissue that extends to form a hair papilla. The hair grows, destroying the cells and leaving a hair follicle for the hair to grow through called the hair shaft
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What are the three cycles of hair growth | Anagen, catgen and telogen
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What is anagen | The period of active growth
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What is catagen | Transitional period
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What is telogen | Resting period where Hair remains in follicle until shed
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Describe wool hairs | Insulating shorter, softer hairs beneath the topcoat. They trap air to keep the body warm. They grow from secondary hair follicles that surround the primary follicle
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How are vibrassae sensory | Transmit information about environment to the brain
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Describe the footpads | The skin is keratinised an thick. The dog had conical papillae that are worn down on hard surfaces. They have a thickened dermis that contain fat tissue. They have a digital cushion that that acts as a shock absorber
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Describe the claws | They are modified epidermal structures and form the third phalanx where they cover the ungual process. The have lots of keratin. The tissue is referred to as a horn
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What is the coronary border | Skin folds over the claw
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What is the skin border | Clawfold
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How do dog and cat claws differ | Cats can retract their claws. Cats have narrower claws
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What is the rhinarium | The nose pad
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Describe rhinarium | Thick, keratinised and hairless. Has a unique print
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What are tail glands | Found on dorsal surface near the tail base. They secrete and oily substance
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What are circum anal glands | Form a ring around the anus where the ducts drain into the ducts of modified sweat glands
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What are mammarh glands | Modified sweat glands that have glandular tissue lined with secretory epithelium. Secretions drain through teat sinuses. Open at teat orifices
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What is lactation | Secretion of milk by mammary glands
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What is colostrum | Thick yellow secretion in mammary glands several weeks before and one week after pasturation (pregnancy). Rich in antibiodies
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How much hair does the scrotum have | Not much as the semen has to be at a low temperature
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When do domesticated animals shed | All year round
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What are mysticials | Vibrissae
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What are the centre of the sweat pads called | Metacarpal/metatarsal pads
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What do dogs and cats have known as a stopper pad | Carpal pad
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What are dewclaws used for | Nothing now
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What does the unique print of the nose reflect | The pattern of the dermal papillae
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How to sudoriferous glands work | They open into the hair follicle or skin surface and the sweat evaporates and causes cooling of the body and also contains some waste
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Where are anal glands found | At the opening at either side of the anus where the terminal end of the digestive tubes join the skin
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