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Integument
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the 6 functions of the skin | Protection, production, thermoregulation, communication, sensory function, storage |
| How does the protection function work | The skin acts as a barrier between internal and external environment such as water, toxins, trauma, UV light and microorganisms |
| How is oil produced | Through sebaceous glands. It forms a thin water repellent layer over the skin. It gives a sheen to the coat and helps to control bacteria |
| How is sweat produced | Comes from sudoriferous glands found in foot and nose pads |
| How is vitamins D produced | UV light acts on a precursors chemical in the skin that gets converted to vitamin D3 and absorbed into the bloodstream. This vitamin is then converted by the liver into a compound used by the kidneys to make calcitrol for calcium absorption |
| How are pheromones produced | Produced by specialised glands. They have a role in communication such as territory marking |
| What do mammary glands produce | They are modified sweat glands that produce milk |
| What do anal glands sacs produce | Produce a secretion with a smell used for territory marking |
| What are ceruminious glands | Modified sebaceous glands that secrete cerumen as a protective wax to line the ear canal |
| What do nerve receptors in the skin respond to | Temperature, touch, pain, itchiness, pressure |
| Where do nerve fibres travel to and form | From receptors to the CNS |
| How is storage used in skin | Adipose tissue acts as an energy store and thermal insulation |
| What are the five ways thermoregulation is used | 1. Vasoconstriction and vasodilation. 2. Erection of hair trapping hair trapping heat 3. Subcutaneous fat 4. Hair coat 5. Sweat |
| How is communication used in the skin | Specialise glands in the skin produce pheromones for intra-specific communication |
| What are the three layers of the skin | Epidermis, dermis and hypodermis |
| Describe the epidermis | It is the outermost layer of the skin. It is composed of stratified squamous epithelium. Cells are constantly being produced. There are no blood vessels (avascular). Received nutrients from the dermis. Has a high content of keratin |
| What are the four layers of the epidermis | Stratum basale, stratum granulosum, stratum luciderm, stratum Corneum |
| Describe stratum basale | Single layer of cells that divide rapidly by mitosis. Has melanocytes that contain granules of melanin pigment |
| Describe stratum granulosum | Cells are flattened and keratinisation begins |
| What is Keratinisation | Making keratin |
| What is stratum luciderm | Cells lose their nucleus |
| What is stratum corneum | Most superficial layer. The cells have no nuclei and are fully keratinised and are flattened. They are known as squames |
| Describe the dermis | Carries blood vessels and nerve fibres. It is composed of dense connective tissue and collagen and elastic fibres |
| What is in the dermis | Hair follicles, sebaceous glands and sweat glands |
| Describe the hypodermis | Also known as subcuticular layer. Is a layer of loose connective tissue and fat. Has elastic fibres that give the skin stretch |
| What is a guard hair | Hair which is larger and stiffer than the other hairs. Only one per follicle |
| What are under hairs | The smaller softer hairs in the bundles |
| What is vibrissae | Long sensory hairs. Eg. Whiskers |
| What are supercillary hairs | Found immediately above the eyelids |
| What are submental hairs | Larger tufty hairs Eg. Eyebrows |
| How much hair is produced per week | 1mm |
| Growth of hair is controlled by | Environment, nutrition and hormones |
| Describe what hair is | A keratinised structure covering surface of dog and cat |
| What is the hair shaft | The part of the hair that can be seen from the skin |
| What is the hair root | The part that lies within the skin |
| What is the hair follicle | Where hair grows and develops in the epidermal cells |
| Describe the sabaceous glands around the hair follicles | Secrete sebum that forms a water repellant layer over the skin surface |
| What do blood vessels do in the dermis | Supplies blood to the arrector pills muscle, nerves and tissues around the hair follicle |
| What does the arrector pilli muscle | Stands hair erect |
| What is the hair bulb | In the dermis where epidermal thickening covers the papilla which forms a bulb |
| What is the papilla | The hair cone in the dermis |
| How is hair formed | Hair is formed in the epidermal tissue that extends to form a hair papilla. The hair grows, destroying the cells and leaving a hair follicle for the hair to grow through called the hair shaft |
| What are the three cycles of hair growth | Anagen, catgen and telogen |
| What is anagen | The period of active growth |
| What is catagen | Transitional period |
| What is telogen | Resting period where Hair remains in follicle until shed |
| Describe wool hairs | Insulating shorter, softer hairs beneath the topcoat. They trap air to keep the body warm. They grow from secondary hair follicles that surround the primary follicle |
| How are vibrassae sensory | Transmit information about environment to the brain |
| Describe the footpads | The skin is keratinised an thick. The dog had conical papillae that are worn down on hard surfaces. They have a thickened dermis that contain fat tissue. They have a digital cushion that that acts as a shock absorber |
| Describe the claws | They are modified epidermal structures and form the third phalanx where they cover the ungual process. The have lots of keratin. The tissue is referred to as a horn |
| What is the coronary border | Skin folds over the claw |
| What is the skin border | Clawfold |
| How do dog and cat claws differ | Cats can retract their claws. Cats have narrower claws |
| What is the rhinarium | The nose pad |
| Describe rhinarium | Thick, keratinised and hairless. Has a unique print |
| What are tail glands | Found on dorsal surface near the tail base. They secrete and oily substance |
| What are circum anal glands | Form a ring around the anus where the ducts drain into the ducts of modified sweat glands |
| What are mammarh glands | Modified sweat glands that have glandular tissue lined with secretory epithelium. Secretions drain through teat sinuses. Open at teat orifices |
| What is lactation | Secretion of milk by mammary glands |
| What is colostrum | Thick yellow secretion in mammary glands several weeks before and one week after pasturation (pregnancy). Rich in antibiodies |
| How much hair does the scrotum have | Not much as the semen has to be at a low temperature |
| When do domesticated animals shed | All year round |
| What are mysticials | Vibrissae |
| What are the centre of the sweat pads called | Metacarpal/metatarsal pads |
| What do dogs and cats have known as a stopper pad | Carpal pad |
| What are dewclaws used for | Nothing now |
| What does the unique print of the nose reflect | The pattern of the dermal papillae |
| How to sudoriferous glands work | They open into the hair follicle or skin surface and the sweat evaporates and causes cooling of the body and also contains some waste |
| Where are anal glands found | At the opening at either side of the anus where the terminal end of the digestive tubes join the skin |
Created by:
kiahgoldie
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