Chapter 3
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| The frequency of an electromagnetic wave is ______ proportional to its wavelength. | inversely
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| ______ is the distance between successive troughs and crests. | Wavelength
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| All of the following types of electromagnetic radiation have wavelengths longer than that of visible light with the exception of | ultraviolet radiation
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| All of the following types of electromagnetic radiation have wavelengths shorter than that of visible light with the exception of | radio waves
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| Violet has the ______ wavelength in the visible electromagnetic spectrum. | shortest
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| Ultraviolet radiation, gamma rays, and X-rays have frequencies ______that of visible light and infrared radiation. | higher than
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| Solar radiation that reaches Earth's surface consists of | All of the above.
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| ______ is (are) partially blocked by ozone in the stratosphere. | Ultraviolet radiation
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| According to Wien's displacement law, which one of the following objects emits its most intense electromagnetic energy at the shortest wavelength? | the Sun
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| Generally, as the temperature of a radiating surface decreases, | the wavelength at which radiation from the surface is most intense will lengthen.
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| If the temperature of the Sun were to ______, the wavelength at which solar radiation is most intense would decrease. | increase
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| Solar radiation | is most intense at a shorter wavelength than terrestrial infrared radiation.
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| The ultimate source of solar radiation is | nuclear fusion in the Sun.
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| Today, the solar altitude is at a maximum around | noon
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| Earth is closest to the Sun during the | Northern Hemisphere winter.
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| Earth is closest to the Sun in | January
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| During summer in the Northern Hemisphere, the number of hours of daylight is ______ the number of hours of darkness. | greater than
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| During winter in the ______ Hemisphere, the number of hours of daylight is less then the number of hours of darkness. | Southern
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| Exactly one-half of the surface area of the Earth is in sunlight during | any day of the year.
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| On the first day of summer in the Southern Hemisphere, the noon Sun has an altitude of 90 degrees where? | Tropic of Capricorn
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| Except right at the poles, nights are everywhere about 12 hours long when? | equinoxes
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| At the equinoxes, the noon Sun has an altitude of 90 degrees at the | equator
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| The period of daylight at any point along the equator | is essentially the same throughout the year.
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| Earth's solar constant | is actually variable.
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| As solar radiation travels through the atmosphere, a portion of that radiation is | All of the above are correct.
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| Through absorption, solar radiation is | converted to heat energy
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| The layer of the atmosphere that contains the ozone shield is the | stratosphere
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| The principal threat to the ozone shield is (are) | chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs).
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| A thinner ozone shield would likely mean | All of the above are correct.
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| Formation and dissociation of ozone in Earth's atmosphere is related to the | Both of the above are correct.
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| Which one of the following surfaces has the lowest albedo for visible solar radiation? | black asphalt
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| Which one of the following surfaces has the highest albedo for visible solar radiation? | fresh snow
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| Which one of the following surfaces absorbs the highest percentage of incident solar radiation at noon? | the ocean
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| The average albedo of the ocean is | less than 10 percent.
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| On a clear day, the albedo of the sea surface is lowest | at noon
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| The Moon's planetary albedo is __________ the albedo of the Earth. | less than
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| The surface of Earth is absorbing solar radiation. If more solar radiation is absorbed than emitted, then the temperature of Earth's surface will | rise
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| The principal absorber(s) of the solar radiation that is intercepted by the Earth-atmosphere system is (are) | ocean water
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| Earth's planetary albedo is about ______ percent. | 31
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| Earth's surface and atmosphere emit primarily what type of electromagnetic radiation? | infrared
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| The greenhouse effect is primarily the consequence of atmospheric | water vapor
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| At night, air temperatures near Earth's surface tend to be lowest when the sky is | clear
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| Clouds, carbon dioxide, water vapor, and methane strongly ______ infrared radiation. | absorb
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| The chief reason for the upward trend in atmospheric carbon dioxide since the mid-1800s is (are) | burning of fossil fuels
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| A gas that absorbs within the so-called atmospheric windows: | Both of the above contribute.
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| A doubling of the absolute temperature of the Sun's surface would cause the amount of solar energy reaching the Earth to be | sixteen times the amount it now receives.
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| Compared to the rest of the 20th century, the global mean annual temperature during the decade of the 1990s was relatively | high
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| An infrared radiometer flown onboard a weather satellite is used to measure | cloud surface temperatures.
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