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Chapter 3
Question | Answer |
---|---|
The frequency of an electromagnetic wave is ______ proportional to its wavelength. | inversely |
______ is the distance between successive troughs and crests. | Wavelength |
All of the following types of electromagnetic radiation have wavelengths longer than that of visible light with the exception of | ultraviolet radiation |
All of the following types of electromagnetic radiation have wavelengths shorter than that of visible light with the exception of | radio waves |
Violet has the ______ wavelength in the visible electromagnetic spectrum. | shortest |
Ultraviolet radiation, gamma rays, and X-rays have frequencies ______that of visible light and infrared radiation. | higher than |
Solar radiation that reaches Earth's surface consists of | All of the above. |
______ is (are) partially blocked by ozone in the stratosphere. | Ultraviolet radiation |
According to Wien's displacement law, which one of the following objects emits its most intense electromagnetic energy at the shortest wavelength? | the Sun |
Generally, as the temperature of a radiating surface decreases, | the wavelength at which radiation from the surface is most intense will lengthen. |
If the temperature of the Sun were to ______, the wavelength at which solar radiation is most intense would decrease. | increase |
Solar radiation | is most intense at a shorter wavelength than terrestrial infrared radiation. |
The ultimate source of solar radiation is | nuclear fusion in the Sun. |
Today, the solar altitude is at a maximum around | noon |
Earth is closest to the Sun during the | Northern Hemisphere winter. |
Earth is closest to the Sun in | January |
During summer in the Northern Hemisphere, the number of hours of daylight is ______ the number of hours of darkness. | greater than |
During winter in the ______ Hemisphere, the number of hours of daylight is less then the number of hours of darkness. | Southern |
Exactly one-half of the surface area of the Earth is in sunlight during | any day of the year. |
On the first day of summer in the Southern Hemisphere, the noon Sun has an altitude of 90 degrees where? | Tropic of Capricorn |
Except right at the poles, nights are everywhere about 12 hours long when? | equinoxes |
At the equinoxes, the noon Sun has an altitude of 90 degrees at the | equator |
The period of daylight at any point along the equator | is essentially the same throughout the year. |
Earth's solar constant | is actually variable. |
As solar radiation travels through the atmosphere, a portion of that radiation is | All of the above are correct. |
Through absorption, solar radiation is | converted to heat energy |
The layer of the atmosphere that contains the ozone shield is the | stratosphere |
The principal threat to the ozone shield is (are) | chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). |
A thinner ozone shield would likely mean | All of the above are correct. |
Formation and dissociation of ozone in Earth's atmosphere is related to the | Both of the above are correct. |
Which one of the following surfaces has the lowest albedo for visible solar radiation? | black asphalt |
Which one of the following surfaces has the highest albedo for visible solar radiation? | fresh snow |
Which one of the following surfaces absorbs the highest percentage of incident solar radiation at noon? | the ocean |
The average albedo of the ocean is | less than 10 percent. |
On a clear day, the albedo of the sea surface is lowest | at noon |
The Moon's planetary albedo is __________ the albedo of the Earth. | less than |
The surface of Earth is absorbing solar radiation. If more solar radiation is absorbed than emitted, then the temperature of Earth's surface will | rise |
The principal absorber(s) of the solar radiation that is intercepted by the Earth-atmosphere system is (are) | ocean water |
Earth's planetary albedo is about ______ percent. | 31 |
Earth's surface and atmosphere emit primarily what type of electromagnetic radiation? | infrared |
The greenhouse effect is primarily the consequence of atmospheric | water vapor |
At night, air temperatures near Earth's surface tend to be lowest when the sky is | clear |
Clouds, carbon dioxide, water vapor, and methane strongly ______ infrared radiation. | absorb |
The chief reason for the upward trend in atmospheric carbon dioxide since the mid-1800s is (are) | burning of fossil fuels |
A gas that absorbs within the so-called atmospheric windows: | Both of the above contribute. |
A doubling of the absolute temperature of the Sun's surface would cause the amount of solar energy reaching the Earth to be | sixteen times the amount it now receives. |
Compared to the rest of the 20th century, the global mean annual temperature during the decade of the 1990s was relatively | high |
An infrared radiometer flown onboard a weather satellite is used to measure | cloud surface temperatures. |